Impacts of climate change on reactive oxygen species in seawater
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.857Keywords:
reactive oxygen speices, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, pH level, oxygen level, climate changeAbstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules produced by the mitochondria due to anaerobic respiration and although some amount of ROS is natural, excessive ROS can be cytotoxic. This paper focuses on the impacts of climate change—decreasing oxygen level in seawater along with lowering pH level—on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the most abundant and most produced ROS in the ocean, and superoxide (O2-), one of the most crucial ROS associated with oxidative stress on living organisms. Due to the increased volume of greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere, the ocean body is absorbing rampant excess carbon dioxide (CO2). As a result, the pH of the seawater is dropping, making the ocean water acidic; this phenomenon is widely known as ocean acidification, one of the most significant consequences of climate change. Adding on to this stressor, the world's ocean is experiencing hypoxia, also known as ocean deoxygenation, where the oxygen level is declining in oceanic waters due to various human disruptions, such as the burning of fossil fuels, reduction of natural forests, and increased livestock farming, which all warm the seawater ultimately. This review highlights the direct and indirect effects of such changing oxygen and pH levels on ROS production in the ocean, as well as the influence of excess ROS production on marine lives, including cellular damage, oxidative stress, and metabolic process disruption. The investigation demonstrates how even though global climate change can affect aquatic mitochondrial activities, the production of ROS, its details, and consequences are yet to be explored.
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