Preprint / Version 2

What is the Effect of Pharmacological and Physiological Treatments on Axon Demyelination of Multiple Sclerosis?

##article.authors##

  • Chandana Akasapu The University of Texas at Austin

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.73

Keywords:

multiplesclerosis, biology, chemistry, biochemistry, neuroscience, dopamine, myelin, axon

Abstract

In this review, several treatments for Multiple Sclerosis, both physiological and pharmacological, will be analyzed and compared in terms of effectiveness. Demyelination of the axon caused by the immune system is the main factor causing Multiple Sclerosis and most physiological treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy and physiotherapy have little to no effect on such mechanisms. Corticosteroids and plasmapheresis, however, have a more direct impact on the demyelinating mechanism and are therefore more effective in slowing the progression of Multiple Sclerosis.

References

Koskie, B. (2020, August 21). Multiple Sclerosis: Facts, Statistics, and You. Healthline.

Lassmann H, van Horssen J. The molecular basis of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett. 2011;585(23):3715-3723. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.004.

Coggan, J. S., Bittner, S., Stiefel, K. M., Meuth, S. G., & Prescott, S. A. (2015). Physiological Dynamics in Demyelinating Diseases: Unraveling Complex Relationships through Computer Modeling. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(9), 21215–21236.

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, June 12). Multiple Sclerosis. Mayo Clinic.

What Causes MS? National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (n.d.).

Myhr, K. M., & Mellgren, S. I. (2009). Corticosteroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, (189), 73–80.

Nagel, S. M., & Grant, L. K. (2016, October 20). Structure of the Neuron - Soma. Structure of the Neuron - Soma.

What is a neuron? Queensland Brain Institute. (2019, August 13).

Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 21.1, Overview of Neuron Structure and Function.

Muzio MR, Cascella M. Histology, Axon. [Updated 2021 May 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-.

Albany University. (n.d.). Cells of the Nervous System.

Caire MJ, Reddy V, Varacallo M. Physiology, Synapse. [Updated 2021 Mar 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-.

Poser, C. M., & Brinar, V. V. (2001). Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 103(1), 1–11.

Ghasemi, N., Razavi, S., & Nikzad, E. (2017). Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy. Cell journal, 19(1), 1–10.

Bando, Y. (2020), Mechanism of demyelination and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol, 11: 14-21.

Neishabouri, A., & Faisal, A. A. (1AD, January 1). Saltatory conduction in UNMYELINATED AXONS: Clustering of Na+ channels on lipid rafts enables MICRO-SALTATORY conduction In C-fibers. Frontiers.

National Tremor Foundation. (2021, July 28). Intention tremor. Tremor.

Joy, J.E. and Johnston, Jr., R.B. (editors), Multiple Sclerosis. Current Status and Strategies for the Future. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001.

Haines, J. D., Inglese, M., & Casaccia, P. (2011). Axonal damage in multiple sclerosis. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York, 78(2), 231–243.

Grigoriadis, N., Ben-Hur, T., Karussis, D., & Milonas, I. (2004). Axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: a complex issue in a complex disease. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 106(3), 211–217.

Trapp, B. D., Peterson, J., Ransohoff, R. M., Rudick, R., Mörk, S., & Bö, L. (1998). Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. The New England journal of medicine, 338(5), 278–285.

Kjolhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler 2012;18(9):1215-28. DOI: 10.1177/1352458512437418

Briken S, Gold SM, Patra S, Vettorazzi E, Harbs D, Tallner A, Ketels G, Schulz KH, Heesen C. Effects of exercise on fitness and cognition in progressive MS: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Mult Scler 2014;20(3):382-90. DOI: 10.1177/1352458513507358

Skjerbaek AG, Naesby M, Lutzen K, Moller AB, Jensen E, Lamers I, Stenager E, Dalgas

U. Endurance training is feasible in severely disabled patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014;20(5):627-30. DOI: 10.1177/1352458513505351

Miller L, Paul L, Mattison P, McFadyen A. Evaluation of a home-based physiotherapy programme for those with moderate to severe multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil 2011;25(8):720-30. DOI: 10.1177/0269215511398376

Feenaughty, L., Tjaden, K., Weinstock-Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. (2018). Separate and Combined Influence of Cognitive Impairment and Dysarthria on Functional Communication in Multiple Sclerosis. American journal of speech-language pathology, 27(3), 1051–1065.

Serra, A., Chisari, C. G., & Matta, M. (2018). Eye Movement Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Modeling, and Treatment. Frontiers in neurology, 9, 31.

Collins, S. (n.d.). The Benefits of Cognitive Therapy for MS. WebMD.

Elizabeth S. Gromisch, Robert D. Kerns, Rebecca Czlapinski, Beth Beenken, John Otis, Albert C. Lo, John Beauvais; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis–Related Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J MS Care 1 January 2020; 22 (1): 8–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2018-023

Myhr, K.M. and Mellgren, S.I. (2009), Corticosteroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 120: 73-80.

Cleveland Clinic. (2020, January 20). Corticosteroids. Cleveland Clinic.

Posted

2022-11-23 — Updated on 2022-12-24

Versions