Memory T Lymphocytes in Leukemia Immunotherapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.692Keywords:
Immunology, Chimeric Antigen Receptor, Leukemia, ImmunotherapyAbstract
T cells, or Thymus cells, are amongst the most important cell types in our adaptive immune system. Of these T cells, one subtype essential for long-lasting immunity is memory T cells. Memory T cells are created, along with other memory cells, in the late stages of an infection of a particular pathogen. These cells are particularly special because they play a key role in protecting individuals from reinfection. After being infected by, or vaccinated against a particular pathogen, memory T cells' job is to maintain immune memory and store pathogen information for long-lasting protection. If a re-infection occurs, memory T cells along with other memory cells would quickly clear the infection, effectively immunizing the individual. Recently, there has been much interest in using these memory cells in immunotherapy. Immunotherapy involves using the patient’s own immune system to combat cancer, serving as a very promising treatment for many types of cancer, including leukemia. Examples of immunotherapies include monoclonal antibodies, CAR T therapy, and cancer vaccines. Leukemia is a very deadly cancer of the leukocytes (white blood cells) and is known to recur in patients even after otherwise successful treatment. Normally, after cancer treatment, there is still a substantial risk of leukemia returning later in life through the same pathways through which it initially emerged and others. In such cases, more treatment would be needed. However, because of the memory T cells’ ability to remember antigens, perhaps memory T cells contain untapped potential to be used in a more efficient leukemia immunotherapy and prevent relapse. How could existing mechanisms of immune memory be optimized for this purpose? This review explores the current state of CAR-T immunotherapy, the role of memory lymphocytes, and how leveraging immune memory be optimized to create a more efficient leukemia immunotherapy.
References
Animated biology With arpan (Director). (2019, March 20). Memory T cell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM9tmhuvA_I
Apheresis variability control. (n.d.). Cytiva. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://www.cytivalifesciences.com/en/us/solutions/cell-therapy/knowledge-center/resources/apheresis-variability-control
Busch, D. H., Fräßle, S. P., Sommermeyer, D., Buchholz, V. R., & Riddell, S. R. (2016). Role of memory T cell subsets for adoptive immunotherapy. Seminars in Immunology, 28(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.001
Blood transfusion. https://www.lls.org/treatment/types-treatment/blood-transfusion. (n.d.). https://www.lls.org/treatment/types-treatment/blood-transfusion
CAR T Cells: Engineering Immune Cells to Treat Cancer - NCI (nciglobal,ncienterprise). (2013, December 6). [cgvArticle]. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells
Clark, R. A. (2015). Resident memory T cells in human health and disease. Science Translational Medicine, 7(269), 269rv1. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3010641
Cox, M. A., Harrington, L. E., & Zajac, A. J. (2011). Cytokines and the Inception of CD8 T Cell Responses. Trends in Immunology, 32(4), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2011.01.004
CRISPR-engineered T cells in patients with refractory cancer | Science. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba7365
Definition of CAR T-cell therapy—NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms—NCI (nciglobal,ncienterprise). (2011, February 2). [nciAppModulePage]. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/car-t-cell-therapy
Definition of T-cell exhaustion—NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms—NCI (nciglobal,ncienterprise). (2011, February 2). [nciAppModulePage]. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/t-cell-exhaustion
Dudley, M. E., Yang, J. C., Sherry, R., Hughes, M. S., Royal, R., Kammula, U., Robbins, P. F., Huang, J., Citrin, D. E., Leitman, S. F., Wunderlich, J., Restifo, N. P., Thomasian, A., Downey, S. G., Smith, F. O., Klapper, J., Morton, K., Laurencot, C., White, D. E., & Rosenberg, S. A. (2008). Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: Evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 26(32), 5233–5239. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.5449
Engineering of CAR T cells | Protocol | Miltenyi Biotec | USA. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://www.miltenyibiotec.com/US-en/applications/all-protocols/engineering-of-car-t-cells-for-research-use.html
Fang, P. Q., Gunther, J. R., Wu, S. Y., Dabaja, B. S., Nastoupil, L. J., Ahmed, S., Neelapu, S. S., & Pinnix, C. C. (2021). Radiation and CAR T-cell Therapy in Lymphoma: Future Frontiers and Potential Opportunities for Synergy. Frontiers in Oncology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.648655
Gattinoni, L., Speiser, D. E., Lichterfeld, M., & Bonini, C. (2017). T memory stem cells in health and disease. Nature Medicine, 23(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4241
Gray, J. I., Westerhof, L. M., & MacLeod, M. K. L. (2018). The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T‐cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination. Immunology, 154(4), 574–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12929
Https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/treatment/side-effects. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/treatment/side-effects
Jin, Y., Tan, A., Feng, J., Xu, Z., Wang, P., Ruan, P., Luo, R., Weng, Y., & Peng, M. (2021). Prognostic Impact of Memory CD8(+) T Cells on Immunotherapy in Human Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, 698076. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.698076
Kaech, S. M., Wherry, E. J., & Ahmed, R. (2002). Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: Implications for vaccine development. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri778
Kishton, R. J., Sukumar, M., & Restifo, N. P. (2017). Metabolic regulation of T cell longevity and function in tumor immunotherapy. Cell Metabolism, 26(1), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.016
Klebanoff, C. A., Gattinoni, L., Torabi-Parizi, P., Kerstann, K., Cardones, A. R., Finkelstein, S. E., Palmer, D. C., Antony, P. A., Hwang, S. T., Rosenberg, S. A., Waldmann, T. A., & Restifo, N. P. (2005). Central memory self/tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells confer superior antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(27), 9571–9576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503726102
Kortekaas Krohn, I., Aerts, J. L., Breckpot, K., Goyvaerts, C., Knol, E., Van Wijk, F., & Gutermuth, J. (2022). T-cell subsets in the skin and their role in inflammatory skin disorders. Allergy, 77(3), 827–842. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15104
Leukemia—Cancer Stat Facts. (n.d.). SEER. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html
Macallan, D. C., Borghans, J. A. M., & Asquith, B. (2017). Human T Cell Memory: A Dynamic View. Vaccines, 5(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines5010005
Milner, J. J., Toma, C., He, Z., Kurd, N. S., Nguyen, Q. P., McDonald, B., Quezada, L., Widjaja, C. E., Witherden, D. A., Crowl, J. T., Shaw, L. A., Yeo, G. W., Chang, J. T., Omilusik, K. D., & Goldrath, A. W. (2020). Heterogenous Populations of Tissue-Resident CD8+ T Cells Are Generated in Response to Infection and Malignancy. Immunity, 52(5), 808-824.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.007
Park, S. L., Gebhardt, T., & Mackay, L. K. (2019). Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Cancer Immunosurveillance. Trends in Immunology, 40(8), 735–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.06.002
Philadelphia, T. C. H. of. (2014, March 30). Tunneled Central Line (Tunneled Central Venous Catheter) [Text]. The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. https://www.chop.edu/treatments/tunneled-central-line
Philadelphia, T. C. H. of. (2016, January 21). T Cell Collection by Apheresis [Text]. The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. https://www.chop.edu/services/t-cell-collection-apheresis
Protocol for generation of 3D bone marrow surrogate microenvironments in a rotary cell culture system. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://star-protocols.cell.com/protocols/1888
Radiation Therapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL). (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/treating/radiation-therapy.html
Resident and circulating memory T cells persist for years in melanoma patients with durable responses to immunotherapy | Nature Cancer. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://www.nature.com/articles/s43018-021-00180-1
Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, A., Gödel, P., Subklewe, M., Stemmler, H. J., Schlößer, H. A., Schlaak, M., Kochanek, M., Böll, B., & von Bergwelt-Baildon, M. S. (2018). Cytokine release syndrome. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, 6, 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-018-0343-9
Shin, H., & Iwasaki, A. (2013). Tissue-resident memory T cells. Immunological Reviews, 255(1), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12087
Side effects. https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/treatment/side-effects. (n.d.). https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/treatment/side-effects
Szabo, P. A., Miron, M., & Farber, D. L. (2019). Location, location, location: Tissue resident memory T cells in mice and humans. Science Immunology, 4(34), eaas9673. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aas9673
T Cell Development—An overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/t-cell-development
Tallantyre, E. C., Evans, N. A., Parry-Jones, J., Morgan, M. P. G., Jones, C. H., & Ingram, W. (2021). Neurological updates: Neurological complications of CAR-T therapy. Journal of Neurology, 268(4), 1544–1554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10237-3
Wang, T., Tang, Y., Cai, J., Wan, X., Hu, S., Lu, X., Xie, Z., Qiao, X., Jiang, H., Shao, J., Yang, F., Ren, H., Cao, Q., Qian, J., Zhang, J., An, K., Wang, J., Luo, C., Liang, H., … Pui, C.-H. (2023). Coadministration of CD19- and CD22-Directed Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Childhood B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Single-Arm, Multicenter, Phase II Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 41(9), 1670–1683. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.01214
Wang, V., Gauthier, M., Decot, V., Reppel, L., & Bensoussan, D. (2023). Systematic Review on CAR-T Cell Clinical Trials Up to 2022: Academic Center Input. Cancers, 15(4), 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041003
What Are the Types of Leukemia? (2022, May 2). Medipulse: Best Private Hospital in Jodhpur. https://www.medipulse.in/blog/2021/9/22/what-are-the-types-of-leukemia
Wherry, E. J., Teichgräber, V., Becker, T. C., Masopust, D., Kaech, S. M., Antia, R., von Andrian, U. H., & Ahmed, R. (2003). Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets. Nature Immunology, 4(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni889
Zhang, C., Liu, J., Zhong, J. F., & Zhang, X. (2017). Engineering CAR-T cells. Biomarker Research, 5, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-017-0102-y
Zhu, X., Li, Q., & Zhu, X. (2022). Mechanisms of CAR T cell exhaustion and current counteraction strategies. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 10, 1034257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.1034257
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Samuel Huang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.