Preprint / Version 1

Understanding the Environmental Factors that Can Contribute to Alzheimer’s to Aid in the Design of Treatments

##article.authors##

  • Megha Guntuku Dougherty Valley High School

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.416

Keywords:

Alzheimer's Disease, Environmental Factors, treatment

Abstract

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is estimated to affect over 6.7 million Americans age 65 and over as of 2023 ("About Alzheimer's Disease"). There is abundant evidence that AD is caused by the misfolding of proteins and the accumulation of these non-functional aggregates in the brain. Some genes have been indicated in AD, but these genes do not account for all cases, suggesting that environmental factors substantially affect the onset of the disease. Environmental factors related to Alzheimer's include education, other pre-existing diseases such as diabetes, and lifestyle. This review aims to summarize the findings of the correlation between AD with these three categories. A greater understanding of these factors could allow for better preventative approaches to treating the disease.

 

References

About Alzheimer’s Disease. 13 July 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/aging/alzheimers-disease-dementia/about-alzheimers.html.

‘Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet’. National Institute on Aging, https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-fact-sheet. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

Alzheimer’s: Facts, Figures & Stats. https://www.brightfocus.org/alzheimers/article/alzheimers-disease-facts-figures. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

Andrews, Shea J., et al. ‘Causal Associations between Modifiable Risk Factors and the Alzheimer’s Phenome’. Annals of Neurology, vol. 89, no. 1, Wiley, Jan. 2021, pp. 54–65, https://doi.org10.1002/ana.25918.

‘Central Sleep Apnea’. Mayo Clinic, 11 July 2023, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109.

Chin-Chan, Miguel, et al. ‘Environmental Pollutants as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases’. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 9, Frontiers Media SA, Apr. 2015, p. 124, https://doi.org10.3389/fncel.2015.00124.

De Felice, Fernanda G., et al. ‘How Does Brain Insulin Resistance Develop in Alzheimer’s Disease?’ Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, vol. 10, no. 1 Suppl, Wiley, Feb. 2014, pp. S26-32, https://doi.org10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.004.

Diniz, Breno S., et al. ‘Late-Life Depression and Risk of Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Community-Based Cohort Studies’. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, vol. 202, no. 5, Royal College of Psychiatrists, May 2013, pp. 329–335, https://doi.org10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307.

Ebrahimpour, Shiva, et al. ‘Crosstalk between Obesity, Diabetes, and Alzheimer’s Disease: Introducing Quercetin as an Effective Triple Herbal Medicine’. Ageing Research Reviews, vol. 62, no. 101095, Elsevier BV, Sept. 2020, p. 101095, https://doi.org10.1016/j.arr.2020.101095.

Ehrenberg, Alexander J., et al. ‘Neuropathologic Correlates of Psychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease’. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, vol. 66, no. 1, IOS Press, 2018, pp. 115–126, https://doi.org10.3233/JAD-180688.

Grady, Cheryl L., et al. ‘Brain Network Activity in Monolingual and Bilingual Older Adults’. Neuropsychologia, vol. 66, Elsevier BV, Jan. 2015, pp. 170–181, https://doi.org10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.042.

Hung, Shih-Chang, et al. ‘Hearing Loss Is Associated with Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case-Control Study in Older People’. Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 25, no. 8, Japan Epidemiological Association, May 2015, pp. 517–521, https://doi.org10.2188/jea.JE20140147.

Killin, Lewis O. J., et al. ‘Environmental Risk Factors for Dementia: A Systematic Review’. BMC Geriatrics, vol. 16, no. 1, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Dec. 2016, https://doi.org10.1186/s12877-016-0342-y.

Kim, Dongmin, et al. ‘Risk of Dementia in Stroke-Free Patients Diagnosed with Atrial Fibrillation: Data from a Population-Based Cohort’. European Heart Journal, vol. 40, no. 28, Oxford University Press (OUP), July 2019, pp. 2313–2323, https://doi.org10.1093/eurheartj/ehz386.

Kishimoto, Hiro, et al. ‘The Long-Term Association between Physical Activity and Risk of Dementia in the Community: The Hisayama Study’. European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 31, no. 3, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Mar. 2016, pp. 267–274, https://doi.org10.1007/s10654-016-0125-y.

Langballe, Ellen Melbye, et al. ‘Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia up to 27 Years Later in a Large, Population-Based Sample: The HUNT Study, Norway’. European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 30, no. 9, Springer Nature, Sept. 2015, pp. 1049–1056, https://doi.org10.1007/s10654-015-0029-2.

Leon, J., et al. ‘Alzheimer’s Disease Care: Costs and Potential Savings’. Health Affairs (Project Hope), vol. 17, no. 6, Health Affairs (Project Hope), Nov. 1998, pp. 206–216, https://doi.org10.1377/hlthaff.17.6.206.

Lutsey, Pamela L., et al. ‘Sleep Characteristics and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study’. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, vol. 14, no. 2, Wiley, Feb. 2018, pp. 157–166, https://doi.org10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2269.

Mancini, Edele, et al. ‘Green Tea Effects on Cognition, Mood and Human Brain Function: A Systematic Review’. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, vol. 34, Elsevier BV, Oct. 2017, pp. 26–37, https://doi.org10.1016/j.phymed.2017.07.008.

Matyas, Nina, et al. ‘Continuing Education for the Prevention of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s-Type Dementia: A Systematic Review and Overview of Systematic Reviews’. BMJ Open, vol. 9, no. 7, BMJ, July 2019, p. e027719, https://doi.org10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027719.

‘Fármacos para la memoria, cognición y comportamientos relacionados con la demencia’. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia, https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/treatments/medications-for-memory. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

Moreno-Jiménez, Elena P., et al. ‘Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Is Abundant in Neurologically Healthy Subjects and Drops Sharply in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease’. Nature Medicine, vol. 25, no. 4, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Apr. 2019, pp. 554–560, https://doi.org10.1038/s41591-019-0375-9.

Morris, Martha Clare, et al. ‘MIND Diet Associated with Reduced Incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease’. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, vol. 11, no. 9, Wiley, Sept. 2015, pp. 1007–1014, https://doi.org10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.009.

Nordström, Anna, and Peter Nordström. ‘Traumatic Brain Injury and the Risk of Dementia Diagnosis: A Nationwide Cohort Study’. PLoS Medicine, vol. 15, no. 1, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Jan. 2018, p. e1002496, https://doi.org10.1371/journal.pmed.1002496.

Oudin, Anna, et al. ‘Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Dementia Incidence in Northern Sweden: A Longitudinal Study’. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 124, no. 3, Environmental Health Perspectives, Mar. 2016, pp. 306–312, https://doi.org10.1289/ehp.1408322.

Sinha, Pranay, and Joshua A. Barocas. ‘Cost-Effectiveness of Aducanumab to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease Progression at Current List Price’. Alzheimer’s & Dementia (New York, N. Y.), vol. 8, no. 1, Wiley, Mar. 2022, p. e12256, https://doi.org10.1002/trc2.12256.

Suo, C., et al. ‘Therapeutically Relevant Structural and Functional Mechanisms Triggered by Physical and Cognitive Exercise’. Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 21, no. 11, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Nov. 2016, pp. 1633–1642, https://doi.org10.1038/mp.2016.19.

Takeuchi, Kenji, et al. ‘Tooth Loss and Risk of Dementia in the Community: The Hisayama Study’. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 65, no. 5, Wiley, May 2017, pp. e95–e100, https://doi.org10.1111/jgs.14791.

‘Traumatic Brain Injury’. Mayo Clinic, 4 Feb. 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557.

https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/health-topics/answers-by-heart/what-are-doacs.pdf. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

What Is Afib? 28 Apr. 2023, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/atrial-fibrillation.

‘What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis’. National Institute on Aging, https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-is-dementia. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

CDC. ‘What Is Diabetes?’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Apr. 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html.

Obesity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(16)30111-X/fulltext. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

Zhang, X. X., et al. ‘The Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Modifiable Risk Factors and Prevention’. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, vol. 8, no. 3, SERDI, 2021, pp. 313–321, https://doi.org10.14283/jpad.2021.15.

Zheng, Yifan, et al. ‘The Protective Effect of Cantonese/Mandarin Bilingualism on the Onset of Alzheimer Disease’. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol. 45, no. 3–4, S. Karger AG, June 2018, pp. 210–219, https://doi.org10.1159/000488485.

Zhong, Guochao, et al. ‘Smoking Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies with Investigation of Potential Effect Modifiers’. PloS One, vol. 10, no. 3, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Mar. 2015, p. e0118333, https://doi.org10.1371/journal.pone.0118333.

Downloads

Posted

2023-09-12