Preprint / Version 1

An Overview of Gene Therapy and Editing and the Differences between Them

##article.authors##

  • Eusha Rahman Polygence Genetics Pod

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.324

Keywords:

Genetics, Gene Therapy, Gene Editing, Biology, CRISPR, CRISPR-Cas9

Abstract

This review paper provides an overview of gene therapy and gene editing, highlighting their differences, methodologies, historical developments, and ethical considerations. Gene therapy involves the use of viral vectors to introduce therapeutic copies of genes, while gene editing utilizes tools like CRISPR-Cas9 to modify existing genes. This paper explores the history of these approaches and their potential for treating genetic diseases. Ethical considerations in gene therapy and gene editing, including informed consent, safety, equity, and societal implications, are discussed.

References

Lundstrom, K. (2018). Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy. Diseases, 6(2), 42.

https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases6020042

Redman, M., King, A. J., Watson, C., & King, D. A. (2016). What is CRISPR/Cas9? Archives of Disease in Childhood-education and Practice Edition, 101(4), 213–215. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310459

Ghosh, S., Brown, A., Jenkins, C., & Campbell, K. M. (2020). Viral Vector Systems for Gene Therapy: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Progress and Biosafety Challenges. Applied Biosafety, 25(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676019899502

Viral Vector and gene therapy basics summarized. (2021, June 24). Biovian. https://biovian.com/news/viral-vector-and-gene-therapy-basics-summarized/

Shieh, W. (2022). Human adenovirus infections in pediatric population - An update on clinico–pathologic correlation. Biomedical Journal, 45(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.009

McConnell, M. V., & Imperiale, M. J. (2004). Biology of Adenovirus and Its Use as a Vector for Gene Therapy. Human Gene Therapy, 15(11), 1022–1033. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2004.15.1022

Thacker, E. E., Timares, L., & Matthews, Q. L. (2009). Strategies to overcome host immunity to adenovirus vectors in vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines, 8(6), 761–777. https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.09.29

American Society for Microbiology. (n.d.). Gene Therapy Using Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors | Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00008-08

McClements, M. E. (2017, December 1). Focus: Genome Editing: Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Dual Vector Strategies for Gene Therapy Encoding Large Transgenes. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733846/

Croze, R. H., Kotterman, M. A., Burns, C., Schmitt, C. E., Quezada, M., Schaffer, D. V., Kirn, D. H., & Francis, P. J. (2020). Viral Vector Technologies and Strategies: Improving on Nature. International Ophthalmology Clinics, 61(3), 59–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000361

Dufait, I., Liechtenstein, T., Lanna, A., Bricogne, C., Laranga, R., Padella, A., Breckpot, K., & Escors, D. (2011). Retroviral and Lentiviral Vectors for the Induction of Immunological Tolerance. Scientifica, 2012, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.6064/2012/694137

Lana, M. G., & Strauss, B. E. (2019). Production of Lentivirus for the Establishment of CAR-T Cells. Methods in Molecular Biology, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0146-4_4

Schlimgen, R., Howard, J., Wooley, D. P., Thompson, M., Baden, L. R., Yang, O. O., Christiani, D. C., Mostoslavsky, G., Diamond, D. V., Duane, E. G., Byers, K. B., Winters, T., Gelfand, J. A., Fujimoto, G., Hudson, T., & Vyas, J. M. (2016). Risks Associated With Lentiviral Vector Exposures and Prevention Strategies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(12), 1159–1166. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000879

Tamura, R., & Toda, M. (2019). Historic Overview of Genetic Engineering Technologies for Human Gene Therapy. Neurologia Medico-chirurgica, 60(10), 483–491. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2020-0049

Marshall, E. (1999). Gene Therapy Death Prompts Review of Adenovirus Vector. Science, 286(5448), 2244–2245. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5448.2244

Kumar, S., Markusic, D. M., Biswas, M., High, K. A., & Herzog, R. W. (2015). Clinical development of gene therapy: results and lessons from recent successes. Molecular Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development, 3, 16034. https://doi.org/10.1038/mtm.2016.34

Santa Clara University. (n.d.). Justice and Fairness. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/justice-and-fairness/

Ma, Y., Zhang, L., & Huang, X. (2014). Genome modification by CRISPR/Cas9. FEBS Journal, 281(23), 5186–5193. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13110

MRS Bulletin , Volume 41 , Issue 11: Metal–Organic Frameworks for Electronics and Photonics , November 2016 , pp. 832 - 835 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.250

Maguin, P., & Marraffini, L. A. (2021). From the discovery of DNA to current tools for DNA editing. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 218(4). https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201791

What Is Sickle Cell Disease? | NHLBI, NIH. (2022, July 22). NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sickle-cell-disease

Frangoul, H., & Davies, K. (2023). Opening a Crack in the Door: An Interview with Haydar Frangoul. GEN Biotechnology, 2(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/genbio.2023.29082.hfr

Stein, R. (2020, June 23). A Year In, 1st Patient To Get Gene Editing For Sickle Cell Disease Is Thriving. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/23/877543610/a-year-in-1st-patient-to-get-gene-editing-for-sickle-cell-disease-is-thriving

Rafii, S., Tashkandi, E., Bukhari, N., & Al-Shamsi, H. O. (2022). Current Status of CRISPR/Cas9 Application in Clinical Cancer Research: Opportunities and Challenges. Cancers, 14(4), 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040947

Gene-editing summit touts sickle cell success, while questions on embryo editing linger. (2023, August 7). Science | AAAS. https://www.science.org/content/article/gene-editing-summit-touts-sickle-cell-success-while-questions-embryo-editing-linger

Posted

2023-08-11

Categories