Stem Cell Therapy and its Application to AMD: A Complete Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.3162Keywords:
Stem Cell Therapy, Regenerative MedicineAbstract
In recent years, the exploration of stem cell applications in ocular medicine has emerged as a groundbreaking frontier in regenerative therapies. Stem cells are extensively studied for a wide range of diseases; however, their most profound promise lies in ocular medicine. This paper provides a comprehensive synthesis and analysis of existing research on stem cell therapy in eye-related disorders, emphasizing two distinct approaches: direct stem cell therapy and vesicular stem cell therapy. A particular focus is age-related macular disease (AMD), a widespread global condition without a definitive cure. With technological advancements increasing AMD risk—driven by prolonged electronic use and the extension of human lifespan—the urgency for effective therapies continues to grow. Stem cells, due to their manipulability and regenerative capabilities, offer a compelling solution for addressing these challenges. By examining direct and vesicular stem cell approaches, this paper aims to elucidate the potential, limitations, and evidence surrounding their role in ocular medicine.
The synthesis highlights stem cell therapy’s promise in restoring visual acuity and supporting integration into the ocular microenvironment. Multiple studies underscore its transformative potential, yet notable gaps persist. Long-term data remain limited, leaving uncertainties about durability and sustainability. Variability in protocols—including cell types, transplantation techniques, and patient conditions—further complicates reproducibility and underscores the need for standardization. Immune rejection, particularly with allogenic cells, remains a critical concern, while questions about survival and long-term functionality of transplanted cells demand further study. Achieving controlled differentiation into desired ocular cell types is also essential for success. Patient-specific factors, such as age, genetic background, and disease progression, require greater exploration to personalize therapies effectively. Finally, ethical and regulatory considerations, particularly regarding embryonic stem cells or genetic modifications, necessitate continued oversight. This paper contributes to the evolving discourse on stem cell-based therapies in ocular medicine and offers insights to guide future breakthroughs.
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