Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Effective Mainstream Treatments and the Need for Alternatives

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects 1-3% of the population. The main symptoms are obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behavior). This paper explores the subtypes (contamination, harmful thoughts, symmetry, and hoarding) and symptoms of OCD. The environmental (e.g., stress, autoimmune responses) and genetic (e.g., SLC1A1) contributors of OCD are also detailed. Results from studies and tests of both behavioral and pharmacological treatments are evaluated, with exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) established as gold-standard treatment options. Because of the poor safety profile of clomipramine, its effectiveness and application are limited, so it is identified as an alternative to SSRIs. Combination therapy of ERP and SSRIs is concluded to be highly effective, despite study results that may not support this conclusion. Limited evidence on alternative treatments, especially medical cannabis, warrants further research. Overall, this paper emphasizes the importance of personalized treatment plans and identifies knowledge gaps that should be addressed with further research to improve the lives of individuals with OCD.