Evaluating the Impact of Airfoil Design on Formula 1 Lap Times: A Simulation-Driven Approach with XFOIL

Abstract

Airfoil design significantly impacts the aerodynamic performance of Formula 1 cars, influencing their lap times, stability, and handling. This research explores the role of rear wing airfoil profiles in motorsport, focusing on the relationship between aerodynamic coefficients and car performance. Traditional airfoil testing methods, such as wind tunnels and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), are expensive and time-consuming. To address this, the study leverages XFOIL, a 2D airfoil analysis program, to dynamically simulate coefficients of lift (Cl) and drag (Cd) for various airfoil designs across different turn radii and straight sections of an F1 track.

The research evaluates six airfoil profiles under varying Reynolds numbers and angles of attack to determine their aerodynamic efficiency, represented by Cl/Cd ratios. The study identifies the LNV109a airfoil as a balanced candidate for F1 rear wings due to its favorable Cl and Cd characteristics across different conditions. Furthermore, the study integrates these aerodynamic results into a numerical simulation framework to compute lap times based on dynamic velocity and deceleration profiles.

While the proposed simulation model simplifies certain real-world factors—such as tire grip, DRS usage, and racing lines—it provides a robust tool for analyzing relative performance differences between airfoil designs. The simulation predicted lap time variations across airfoils, validating its utility in early-stage aerodynamic optimization. Future enhancements could incorporate advanced friction models, improved race-line dynamics, and energy recovery systems to increase accuracy.

This research offers a cost-effective and accessible approach to aerodynamic analysis, enabling engineers and enthusiasts to refine airfoil designs and enhance F1 car performance without relying on resource-intensive testing methods.