The National School Lunch Program and its Relationship to Childhood Obesity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.1550Keywords:
school lunch, obesity, childhood obesityAbstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, significantly increasing the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and other chronic illnesses, especially among American children. Despite the serious health consequences, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, fueled by unhealthy dietary habits and limited access to nutritious foods. The paper investigates the current state of school lunch regulations in the United States, highlighting the shortcomings of the USDA guidelines. While some progress has been made in recent years, the regulations still fall short of ensuring that students receive healthy and balanced meals. The paper also explores the issue of competitive foods, which often contain high levels of sugar, sodium, and unhealthy fats. By analyzing the impact of school lunch policies on childhood obesity, this research aims to identify areas for improvement and propose solutions to address the growing health crisis. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers, schools, and families to promote healthier eating habits and create a more supportive environment for children.
References
American Diabetes Association (2018). Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes care, 41(5), 917–928. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0007
A Guide to Smart Snacks in School | Food and Nutrition Service. (2022, August 4). USDA Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/guide-smart-snacks-school
Chobot, A., Górowska-Kowolik, K., Sokołowska, M., & Jarosz-Chobot, P. (2018). Obesity and diabetes-not only a simple link between two epidemics. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 34(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3042
Clark, S. E., Hawkes, C., Murphy, S. M., Hansen-Kuhn, K. A., & Wallinga, D. (2012). Exporting obesity: US farm and trade policy and the transformation of the Mexican consumer food environment. International journal of occupational and environmental health, 18(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1179/1077352512Z.0000000007
Cohen, Juliana F W et al. “Competitive Foods' Nutritional Quality and Compliance with Smart Snacks Standards: An Analysis of a National Sample of U.S. Middle and High Schools.” Nutrients vol. 16,2 275. 17 Jan. 2024, doi:10.3390/nu16020275
Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2023, June 29). usaspending.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2023, from https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-agriculture?fy=2023
Fox, M. K., Gordon, A., Nogales, R., & Wilson, A. (2009). Availability and consumption of competitive foods in US public schools. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.063
Levine J. A. (2011). Poverty and obesity in the U.S. Diabetes, 60(11), 2667–2668. https://doi.org/10.2337/db11-1118
Marín-Peñalver, J. J., Martín-Timón, I., Sevillano-Collantes, C., & Del Cañizo-Gómez, F. J. (2016). Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. World journal of diabetes, 7(17), 354–395. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.354
National Archives. (2023, June 20). Meal requirements for lunches and requirements for afterschool snacks. Code of Federal Regulations . https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-7/subtitle-B/chapter-II/subchapter-A/part-210/subpart-C/section-210.10
Novak, N. L., & Brownell, K. D. (2012). Role of policy and government in the obesity epidemic. Circulation, 126(19), 2345–2352. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.037929
Nunn, N., & Qian, N. (2010). The Columbian Exchange: A history of disease, food, and ideas. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), 163–188. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.2.163
Potts, M. (2014, July 14). Pizza at school is disgusting. The food fight to keep it on the menu is worse | Monica Potts. The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/14/pizza-school-lunch-battle-lobbying
Powell, A. (2019, March 6). Obesity? diabetes? we’ve been set up. Harvard Gazette. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/the-big-setup/
Transitional Standards for Milk, Whole Grains and Sodium - Final Rule | Food and Nutrition Service. (2022, February 7). USDA Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved June 26, 2023, from https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/fr-020722
United States Department of Agriculture. (2022, August 4). A guide to smart snacks in school. Food and Nutrition Service U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/guide-smart-snacks-school
Updates to the School Nutrition Standards | Food and Nutrition Service. (2024, June 27). USDA Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved August 17, 2024, from https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/school-nutrition-standards-updates
World Health Organization. (2023, April 5). Diabetes. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
Wunderlich, A. C., & Kohler, A. (2022). The impact of agricultural subsidies on obesity. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10, 100439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100439
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Thomas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.