Altered Information Processing Model in Adolescent Depression
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.970Keywords:
adolescent depression, teen depression, information processing, negative cognitionAbstract
Depression poses a significant threat to young people, primarily due to their heightened neuroplasticity. This review paper employs the Adolescent Information Processing Model (Rice & Dolgin, 2005) to delve into the cognitive and neurobiological factors that contribute to depression in adolescents. By examining a wide array of scientific evidence, this paper supports the hypothesis that cognitive and neurobiological impairments play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of depression. These impairments disrupt various stages of information processing in adolescents, including: 1) selection, 2) interpretation, 3) memory incorporation, 4) thinking, and 5) reasoning for information validation. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper highlights the complex interplay between cognitive and neurobiological factors in adolescent depression, providing valuable insights for future research and therapeutic interventions.
References
Agarwal, P. (2021). Sway: Unravelling unconscious bias. Bloomsbury USA.
Ao, X., Mo, L., Wei, Z., Yu, W., Zhou, F., & Zhang, D. (2020, November 16). Negative Bias During Early Attentional Engagement in Major Depressive Disorder as Examined Using a Two-Stage Model: High Sensitivity to Sad but Bluntness to Happy Cues. Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.593010
Baert, S., Raedt, R. D., Schacht, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010, September). Attentional bias training in depression: Therapeutic effects depend on depression severity. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.004
Bains, N., & Abdijadid, S. (2023, April 10). Major Depressive Disorder. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/
Barch, D. M., Hua, X., Kandala, S., Harms, M. P., Sanders, A., Brady, R., Tillman, R., & Luby, J. L. (2022, November 2). White matter alterations associated with lifetime and current depression in adolescents: Evidence for cingulum disruptions. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23294
Beevers, C. G., Mullarkey, M. C., Dainer-Best, J., Stewart, R. A., Labrada, J., Allen, J. J. B., McGeary, J. E., & Shumake, J. (2019). Association between negative cognitive bias and depression: A symptom-level approach. APA PsycNet. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000405
Berna, C., Lang, T. J., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011, August). Developing a measure of interpretation bias for depressed mood: An ambiguous scenarios test. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.005
Bone, J. K., Lewis, G., Roiser, J. P., Blakemore, S.-J., & Lewis, G. (2021, March). Recall bias during adolescence: Gender differences and associations with depressive symptoms. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.133
Casey, B. J., Heller, A. S., Gee, D. G., & Cohen, A. O. (2017, December 5). Development of the emotional brain. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.055
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006, January 6). The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl004
Chand, S. P., & Arif, H. (2023, July 17). Depression. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/
Chang, W., Rolls, E. T., Qiu, J., Yang, D., Ruan, H., Wei, D., Zhao, L., Meng, J., Xie, P., & Feng, J. (2018, December). Functional Connectivity of the Precuneus in Unmedicated Patients With Depression. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.07.008
Corpus callosum. Queensland Brain Institute. (n.d.). https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/corpus-callosum#:~:text=The%20two%20hemispheres%20in%20your,send%20signals%20to%20each%20other
DeAngelis, T. (2023, January 1). Psychologists are taking aim at misinformation with these powerful strategies. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/01/trends-taking-aim-misinformation
Depression and Suicide. Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/depression-and-suicide#:~:text=Most%20people%20who%20commit%20suicide,or%20a%20substance%20use%20disorder
Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P., & Beck, A. T. (2011, July 6). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. nature reviews neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3027
Dunlop, B. W., Rajendra, J. K., Craighead, E., Kelley, M. E., McGrath, C. L., & Choi, K. S. (2017, March 24). Functional Connectivity of the Subcallosal Cingulate Cortex And Differential Outcomes to Treatment With Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or Antidepressant Medication for Major Depressive Disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050518
Duyser, F. A., van Eigndhoven, P. F. P., Bergman, M. A., Collard, R. M., Schene, A. H., Tendolkar, I., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2020, September). Negative memory bias as a transdiagnostic cognitive marker for depression symptom severity. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.156
Eizenman, M., Yu, L. H., Grupp, L., Eizenman, E., Ellenbogen, M., Gemar, M., & Levitan, R. D. (2003, May 30). A naturalistic visual scanning approach to assess selective attention in major depressive disorder. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00068-4
Elmer, T., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020, January 29). Depressive symptoms are associated with social isolation in face-to-face interaction networks. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58297-9
Emihovich, C. H., & Gaier, E. L. (1983, Winter). Ideology and Idealism in Early Adolescence. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1295892275?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals
Ezzati, A., Katz, M. J., Zommit, A. R., Lipton, M. L., Zimmerman, M. E., Sliwinski, M. J., & Lipton, R. B. (2016, December). Differential association of left and right hippocampal volumes with verbal episodic and spatial memory in older adults. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.016
Fritz, J. (n.d.). When the Brain is out of Synch, the World is out of Balance. Home Educators Resource Directory. https://www.homeeddirectory.com/blog/when-brain-out-synch-world-out-balance#:~:text=Without%20proper%20communication%20between%20the,rate%20and%20the%20disconnection%20widens.
Galaif, E. R., Sussman, S., Newcomb, M. D., & Locke, T. F. (2007, January 1). Suicidality, depression, and alcohol use among adolescents: A review of empirical findings. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2007.19.1.27
Gotlib, I. H., & Neubauer, D. L. (2000). Information-processing approaches to the study of cognitive biases in depression.APA PsycNet. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-07014-007
Hankin, B L, Gibb, B. E., Abela, J. R. Z., & Flory, K. (2010). Selective attention to affective stimuli and clinical depression among youths: Role of anxiety and specificity of emotion. APA PsycNet. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019609
Hankin, Benjamin L. (2010, June 15). Rumination and Depression in Adolescence: Investigating Symptom Specificity in a Multiwave Prospective Study. Taylor & Francis Online. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802359627
Hecht, D. (2010, October). Depression and the hyperactive right-hemisphere. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2010.06.013
Hertel, P. T., Wahlheim, C. N., Price, W. A., Crusius, E. M., & Patino, C. L. (2023, April). Stuck in the past? Rumination-related memory integration. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2023.104287
Highlights for the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2022-12/2021NSDUHFFRHighlights092722.pdf
Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., & Clark, D. M. (2007, September). Inducing an interpretation bias changes self-imagery: A preliminary investigation. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.001
Horwitz, A. G., Berona, J., Czyz, E. K., Yeguez, C. E., & King, C. A. (2016, July 2). Positive and Negative Expectations of Hopelessness as Longitudinal Predictors of Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicidal Behavior in High-Risk Adolescents. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12273
Hu, C., Wang, C., Liu, W., & Wang, D. (2022, March 13). Depression and Reasoning Ability in Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Role of Growth Mindset. Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.636368
Ibrahim, M. F., Wan Ismail, W. S., Nik Jaafar, N. R., Mohd Mokhtaruddin, U. K., Ong, H. Y., Abu Bakar, N. H., & Mohd Salleh Sahimi, H. (2022, June 8). Depression and its association with self-esteem and lifestyle factors among school-going adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.913067
Joormann, J., Teachman, B. A., & Ian, I. H. (2009). Sadder and less accurate? False memory for negative material in depression. Apa PsycNet. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015621
Klein, A. M., Voogd, L. de, Wiers, R. W., & Salemink, E. (2017, April 3). Biases in attention and interpretation in adolescents with varying levels of anxiety and depression. Taylor & Francis Online. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1304359
Langenecker, S. A., Schreiner, M. W., Bessette, K. L., Roberts, H., Thomas, L., Dillahunt, A., Pocius, S. L., Feldman, D. A., Jago, D., Farstead, B., Pazdera, M., Kaufman, E., Galloway, J. A., Kerig, P. K., Bakian, A., Welsh, R. C., Jacobs, R. H., Crowell, S. E., & Watkins, E. R. (2024, January). ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.08.012
Levens, S M, & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Updating positive and negative stimuli in working memory in depression. APA PsycNet. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020283
Levens, Sara M, & Gotlib, I. H. (2009, April 27). Impaired selection of relevant positive information in depression. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20565
MacLeod, A. K. (2010, August 18). Affect, Emotional Disorder, and Future-directed Thinking. Taylor & Francis Online. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999396380394
MacMaster, F. P., & Kusumakar, V. (2004, January 29). Hippocampal volume in early onset depression. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-2-2
MacMaster, F. P., Carrey, N., & Langevin, L. M. (2013, February 20). Corpus callosal morphology in early onset adolescent depression. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.047
Malcolm, G. L., Groen, I. I. A., & Baker, C. I. (2016, October 18). Making Sense of Real-World Scenes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.09.003
Maletic, V., Robinson, M., Oakes, T., Iyengar, S., Ball, S. G., & Russell, J. (2007, November 7). Neurobiology of depression: an integrated view of key findings. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01602.x
Maslow, G. R., Dunlap, K., & Chung, R. J. (2015, July 1). Depression and Suicide in Children and Adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.36-7-299
Masselink, M., Van Roekel, E., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2017, August 7). Self-esteem in Early Adolescence as Predictor of Depressive Symptoms in Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Motivational and Social Factors. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0727-z
McAndrew, C., & Gore, J. (2012, November 2). Understanding Preferences in Experience-Based Choice: A Study of Cognition in the “Wild.” SageJournals. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343412463922
McEwen, B. S., Nasca, C., & Gray, J. D. (2015, June 16). Stress Effects on Neuronal Structure: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Prefrontal Cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.171
Mennen, A. C., Norman, K. A., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2019, October). Attentional bias in depression: understanding mechanisms to improve training and treatment. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.036
Miyamoto, K., Trudel, N., Kamermans, K., Verhagen, L., Wittmann, M. K., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2021, April 21). Identification and disruption of a neural mechanism for accumulating prospective metacognitive information prior to decision-making. Neuron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.024
Mulholland, H. (2019, May 9). Teenager emotions: What’s normal? What’s not? Mayo Clinic. https://communityhealth.mayoclinic.org/featured-stories/teen-emotions
Nolen-Hoeksema, S, Vine, V., & Gilbert, K. (2013, January). Rumination and emotions. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287241313_Rumination_and_emotions
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan. (2009, November 19). The Other End of the Continuum: The Costs of Rumination. Taylor & Francis Online. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0903_5
Orchard, F., & Reynolds, S. (2018, May 25). The combined influence of cognitions in adolescent depression: Biases of interpretation, self-evaluation, and memory. British Psychological Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12184
Palacios-Barrios, E. E., Hanson, J. L., Barry, K. R., Albert, W. D., White, S. F., Skinner, A. T., Dodge, K. A., & Lansford, J. E. (2021, April). Lower neural value signaling in the prefrontal cortex is related to childhood family income and depressive symptomatology during adolescence. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100920
Platt, B., Murphy, S. E., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015, October 29). The association between negative attention biases and symptoms of depression in a community sample of adolescents. PeerJ. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1372
Qasim, T. B., Sahar, A., Nihal, T., & Bashir, A. (2022, June 30). The Effect of Overthinking on Mental Health: A Case Study from University Students in Multan District. Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v5i2.233
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2007, December). Maintaining memories by reactivation. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.11.007
Reisch, L. M., Wegrzyn, M., Woermann, F. G., Bien, C. G., & Kissler, J. (2020, July 7). Negative content enhances stimulus-specific cerebral activity during free viewing of pictures, faces, and words. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25128
Rice, F. P., & Dolgin, K. G. (2005). The adolescent: Development, relationships and culture (11th ed). APA PsycNet. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-19887-000
Roiser, J. P., Elliott, R., & Sahakian, B. J. (2011, October 5). Cognitive Mechanisms of Treatment in Depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.183
Roy, E. (2013). Cognitive Factors. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1116
Rubart, A. K., Zurowski, B., Veer, I. M., Schön, D., Göttlich, M., Klein, J. P., Schramm, E., Wenzel, J. G., Haber, C., Schoepf, D., Sommer, J., Konrad, C., Schnell, K., & Walter, H. (2022, June). Precuneus connectivity and symptom severity in chronic depression. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111471
Rădulescu, I., Drăgoi, A. M., Trifu, S. C., & Cristea, M. B. (2021, August 5). Neuroplasticity and depression: Rewiring the brain’s networks through pharmacological therapy (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10565
Sanchez, A., Romero, N., & Raedt, R. D. (2017, March 31). Depression-related difficulties disengaging from negative faces are associated with sustained attention to negative feedback during social evaluation and predict stress recovery. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175040
Seiler, C. B., Jones, K. E., Shera, D., & Armstrong, C. J. (2011, July 1). Brain region white matter associations with visual selective attention. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-011-9130-7
Sfärlea, A., Buhl, C., & Platt, B. (2020, July 11). “I Am a Total…Loser” – The Role of Interpretation Biases in Youth Depression. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00670-3
Shah, S. M., Dhaheri, F. A., Albanna, A., Jaberi, N. A., Eissaee, S. A., Alshehhi, N. A., Shamisi, S. A. A., Hamez, M. M. A., Abdelrazeq, S. Y., Grivna, M., & Betancourt, T. S. (2020, January 14). Self-esteem and other risk factors for depressive symptoms among adolescents in United Arab Emirates. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227483
Shmerling, R. H. (2022, March 24). Right brain/left brain, right?. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/right-brainleft-brain-right-2017082512222
Silvers, J. A. (2022, April). Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.023
Solomon, A., Friedman, D. G., Kirk, L., Brody, C., & Haaga, D. A. F. (1998). Priming irrational beliefs in recovered-depressed people. APA PsycNet. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.440
Stevens, C., & Bavelier, D. (2012, February 15). The role of selective attention on academic foundations: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2011.11.001
Tang, P., Pavlopoulou, G., Kostyrka-Allchorne, K., Phillips-Owen, J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2023, December 21). Links between mental health problems and future thinking from the perspective of adolescents with experience of depression and anxiety: a qualitative study. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00679-8
Tarieh, J. A. (2021, March 17). Feelings of inadequacy: The relationships between overthinking and anxiety. Lebanese American University. http://hdl.handle.net/10725/12882
Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S., & Thapar, A. K. (2012, February 2). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4
Trifu, S. C., Trifu, A. C., Aluas, E., Tataru, M. A., & Costea, R. V. (2020). Brain changes in depression. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology. https://www.doi.org/10.47162/RJME.61.2.06
Vrijsen, J. N., van Amen, C. T., Koekkeok, B., van Oostrom, I., Schene, A. H., & Tendolkar, I. (2017, May 9). Childhood trauma and negative memory bias as shared risk factors for psychopathology and comorbidity in a naturalistic psychiatric patient sample. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.693
Wenzel, A., & Beck, A. T. (2008, October). A cognitive model of suicidal behavior: Theory and treatment. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.001
Wilkinson, P. O., Croudace, T. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2013, October 8). Rumination, anxiety, depressive symptoms and subsequent depression in adolescents at risk for psychopathology: a longitudinal cohort study. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-250
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders.APA PsycNet. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1991-98258-000
Williams, S. E., Ford, J. H., & Kensinger, E. A. (2022, June 14). The power of negative and positive episodic memories. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-022-01013-z
Wiltgen, B. J., Zhou, M., Cai, Y., Parivash, S. N., Li, W., & Silva, A. J. (2010, July 15). Current Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.068
Woody, M. L., Rosen, D., Allen, K. B., Price, R. B., Hutchinson, E., Amole, M. C., & Silk, J. S. (2019, March). Looking for the negative: Depressive symptoms in adolescent girls are associated with sustained attention to a potentially critical judge during in vivo social evaluation. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.10.011
Yeung, M. K., Lee, T. L., & Chan, A. S. (2021, November). Depressive and anxiety symptoms are related to decreased lateral prefrontal cortex functioning during cognitive control in older people. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108224
Zhou, J., Li, X., & Tian, L. (2018, November 28). Longitudinal association between low self-esteem and depression in early adolescents: The role of rejection sensitivity and loneliness. British Psychological Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12207
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Hannah Kim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.