Neutrinos: Physics Beyond the Standard Model Through Multi Messenger Astronomy and Lessons from IceCube

Abstract

Neutrinos, a class of  nearly massless elementary particles that interact with only the weak nuclear and gravitational forces, possess a remarkable ability to traverse enormous distances without interference. Originating from processes like nuclear fusion in stars, supernova explosions, supermassive blackholes and radioactive decay, neutrinos are unique in their capacity to journey through space largely undisturbed. This characteristic helps answer some of the most fundamental questions about the universe such as the inner workings of astrophysical bodies and potentially the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. By reviewing data from IceCube, the world's largest optical Cherenkov telescope, this paper presents a critical evaluation of the information from a major identified source of astrophysical neutrinos: blazars. This paper also evaluates and discusses the importance of multi messenger astronomy and the need to go beyond the standard model to understand the complex nature of neutrino emissions, antineutrino characteristics, and blazars.