Preprint / Version 3

Analysis of Adolescent Barriers in Seeking Help for Mental Health Issues

##article.authors##

  • Prisha Bhagavathi American High School Fremont CA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.63

Keywords:

mental health, adolescent

Abstract

Although previous research has hypothesized that barriers such as misconceptions and shame associated with mental health would hinder not only university students but younger adolescents as well, there has not been a systematic review that explores this topic in depth. In this study, we looked at four major kinds of barriers that adolescents face in seeking help for mental issues. The lack of mental health literacy is a general problem of society at large and this affects adolescents too. Another common issue arises from the stigma and negative attitudes and beliefs associated with mental health issues. Apart from these two issues, something specific to adolescents was the unique situation of adolescents not having complete control over where they received mental health like at school or through the intervention of guardians. This leads to confidentiality and trust issues that are unique to adolescent lives. Other practical barriers that were uncovered like cost and issues with logistics are also captured. With this analysis, this paper also discusses solutions that may be effective in overcoming these barriers.

References

Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-ping, Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010, July 31). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey

Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856710004764.

Holtzheimer, P. E., & Mayberg, H. S. (2011). Stuck in a rut: rethinking depression and its treatment. Trends in neurosciences, 34(1), 1-9.

Kennedy, Sidney H. "Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment." Dialogues in clinical neuroscience 10.3 (2008): 271.

Huang, Q. (2012). Study on Correlation of Foreign Language Anxiety and English Reading Anxiety. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 2(7).

Henker, B., Whalen, C. K., Jamner, L. D., & Delfino, R. J. (2002). Anxiety, affect, and activity in teenagers: Monitoring daily life with electronic diaries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(6), 660-670.

Wright, A., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., Cotton, S. M., Harrigan, S. M., McGorry, P. D., ... & Hurworth, R. E. (2005). Recognition of depression and psychosis by young Australians and their beliefs about treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 183(1), 18-23.

Rutter M, Smith DJ. Psychosocial Disorders in Young People. Chichester: Wiley, 1995.

Burns, J., & Hickie, I. (2002). Depression in young people: a national school-based initiative for prevention, early intervention and pathways for care. Australasian Psychiatry, 10(2), 134-138.

Sawyer, M. G., Arney, F. M., Baghurst, P. A., Clark, J. J., Graetz, B. W., Kosky, R. J., ... & Zubrick, S. R. (2000). The mental health of young people in Australia (Doctoral dissertation, Blackwell Science).

Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). Public beliefs about causes and risk factors for depression and schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32(3), 143-148.

Kelly, C. M., Jorm, A. F., & Wright, A. (2007). Improving mental health literacy as a strategy to facilitate early intervention for mental disorders. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(S7), S26-S30.

Burns, J. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Adolescent mental health literacy: young people's knowledge of depression and help seeking. Journal of adolescence, 29(2), 225-239.

Kutcher, S., Wei, Y., Costa, S., Gusmão, R., Skokauskas, N., & Sourander, A. (2016). Enhancing mental health literacy in young people.

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 10(1), 1-9.

Ciarrochi, J., Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., & Rickwood, D. (2003). Do difficulties with emotions inhibit help-seeking in adolescence? The role of age and emotional competence in predicting help-seeking intentions. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(2), 103-120.

Evans, E., Hawton, K., & Rodham, K. (2005). In what ways are adolescents who engage in self-harm or experience thoughts of self-harm different in terms of help-seeking, communication and coping strategies?. Journal of adolescence, 28(4), 573-587.

Urrila, A. S., Karlsson, L., Kiviruusu, O., Pankakoski, M., Pelkonen, M., Strandholm, T., & Marttunen, M. (2014). Sleep complaints in adolescent depression: one year naturalistic follow-up study. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1-9.

Santos, M., Richards, C. S., & Bleckley, M. K. (2007). Comorbidity between depression and disordered eating in adolescents. Eating behaviors, 8(4), 440-449.

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). (2000). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349

ADOLESCENCE, A. D. O. Age limits and adolescents.

Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223-228.

Blakemore, S. J. (2019). Adolescence and mental health. The lancet, 393(10185), 2030-2031.

Saunders, S. M., Resnick, M. D., Hoberman, H. M., & Blum, R. W. (1994). Formal help-seeking behavior of adolescents identifying themselves as having mental health problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5), 718-728.

Biddle, L., Donovan, J., Sharp, D., & Gunnell, D. (2007). Explaining non‐help‐seeking amongst young adults with mental distress: a dynamic interpretive model of illness behaviour. Sociology of health & illness, 29(7), 983-1002.

Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental health, 4(3), 218-251.

Ibrahim, N., Amit, N., Shahar, S., Wee, L. H., Ismail, R., Khairuddin, R., ... & Safien, A. M. (2019). Do depression literacy, mental illness beliefs and stigma influence mental health help-seeking attitude? A cross-sectional study of secondary school and university students from B40 households in Malaysia. BMC public health, 19(4), 1-8.

Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J. E., & Ruesch, N. (2009). Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World psychiatry, 8(2), 75.

Corrigan, P., & Matthews, A. (2003). Stigma and disclosure: Implications for coming out of the closet. Journal of mental health, 12(3), 235-248.

Cate Curtis (2010) Youth perceptions of suicide and help-seeking: ‘They'd think I was weak or “mental”’, Journal of Youth Studies, 13:6, 699-715, DOI:10.1080/13676261003801747

Booth, M. L., Bernard, D., Quine, S., Kang, M. S., Usherwood, T., Alperstein, G., & Bennett, D. L. (2004). Access to health care among Australian adolescents young people's perspectives and their sociodemographic distribution. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(1), 97-103.

Oppong-Odiseng, A. C. K., & Heycock, E. G. (1997). Adolescent health services—through their eyes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 77(2), 115-119.

Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2001). Adolescent opinions about reducing help-seeking barriers and increasing appropriate help engagement. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12(4), 345-364.

Leavey, G., Rothi, D., & Paul, R. (2011). Trust, autonomy and relationships: the help-seeking preferences of young people in secondary level schools in London (UK). Journal of adolescence, 34(4), 685-693.

Berlan, E. D., & Bravender, T. (2009). Confidentiality, consent, and caring for the adolescent patient. Current opinion in pediatrics, 21(4), 450-456.

Velasco, A. A., Santa Cruz, I. S., Billings, J., Jimenez, M., & Rowe, S. (2020). What are the barriers, facilitators and interventions targeting help-seeking behaviours for common mental health problems in adolescents? A systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-22.

Reardon, T., Harvey, K., Baranowska, M., O’Brien, D., Smith, L., & Creswell, C. (2017). What do parents perceive are the barriers and facilitators to accessing psychological treatment for mental health problems in children and adolescents? A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 26(6), 623-647.

Alegría, M., Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., & Loder, S. (2015). Disparities in child and adolescent mental health and mental health services in the US. New York, NY: William T. Grant Foundation.

Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., & McGorry, P. (2007). Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. The Lancet, 369(9569), 1302-1313.

Schleider, J. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2016, September 26). Reducing risk for anxiety and depression in adolescents: Effects of a single-session intervention teaching that personality can change. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005796716301681

Christie, D., & Viner, R. (2005). Adolescent development. Bmj, 330(7486), 301-304.

Gowers, S. (2005). Development in adolescence. Psychiatry, 4(6), 6-9.

Radez, J., Reardon, T., Creswell, C., Lawrence, P. J., Evdoka-Burton, G., & Waite, P. (2020). Why do children and adolescents (not) seek and access professional help for their mental health problems? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 1-29.

Rickwood, D. J., Deane, F. P., & Wilson, C. J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems?. Medical journal of Australia, 187(S7), S35-S39.

Freedenthal, S., & Stiffman, A. R. (2007). “They might think I was crazy”: young American Indians’ reasons for not seeking help when suicidal. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(1), 58-77.

Kuhl, J., Jarkon-Horlick, L., & Morrissey, R. F. (1997). Measuring barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. Journal of youth and adolescence, 26(6), 637-650.

Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of counseling psychology, 53(3), 325.

Sibicky, M., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). Stigma of psychological therapy: Stereotypes, interpersonal reactions, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(2), 148.

Lindsay, C. R. & Kalafat, J. (1998). Adolescents’ views of preferred helper characteristics and barriers to seeking help. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 9, 171 – 193.

Fortune, S., Sinclair, J., & Hawton, K. (2008). Adolescents’ views on preventing self-harm. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 43(2), 96-104.

Ford, C. A., & English, A. (2002). Limiting confidentiality of adolescent health services: what are the risks?. JAMA, 288(6), 752-753.

Pfefferle, S. G. (2007). Pediatrician perspectives on children’s access to mental health services: consequences and potential solutions. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 34(5), 425-434.

De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological bulletin, 141(4), 858.

Sayal, K., Tischler, V., Coope, C., Robotham, S., Ashworth, M., Day, C., ... & Simonoff, E. (2010). Parental help-seeking in primary care for child and adolescent mental health concerns: qualitative study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(6), 476-481.

Boulter, E., & Rickwood, D. (2013). Parents’ experience of seeking help for children with mental health problems. Advances in mental health, 11(2), 131-142.

Cama, S., Malowney, M., Smith, A. J. B., Spottswood, M., Cheng, E., Ostrowsky, L., ... & Boyd, J. W. (2017). Availability of outpatient mental health care by pediatricians and child psychiatrists in five US cities. International Journal of Health Services, 47(4), 621-635.

Cohen, E., et al., Parents' Perspectives on Access to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. Social Work in Mental Health, 2012. 10(4): p. 294-310 17p.

Collins KA, Westra HA, Dozois DJ, Burns DD (2004) Gaps in accessing treatment for anxiety and depression: challenges for the delivery of care. Clin Psychol Rev 24:583–616

Stiffman, A. R., Stelk, W., Horwitz, S. M., Evans, M. E., Outlaw, F. H., & Atkins, M. (2010). A public health approach to children’s mental health services: Possible solutions to current service inadequacies. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37(1), 120-124.

Deane, F. P., & Todd, D. M. (1996). Attitudes and intentions to seek professional psychological help for personal problems or suicidal thinking. Journal of college student psychotherapy, 10(4), 45-59.

Additional Files

Posted

2022-11-10 — Updated on 2022-12-24

Versions

Categories