Battery or engine? Which one is truly more environmentally friendly?

Abstract

While electric vehicles (EVs) and traditional cars may look similar on the outside, they are completely different on the inside. EVs are battery-powered, whereas internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are powered by fossil fuel combustion. EVs utilize an electric motor powered by a battery, whereas ICE vehicles have a traditional engine that uses gasoline or diesel. EVs produce zero emissions, reducing air pollution, while ICE vehicles emit carbon dioxide and other pollutants, contributing to global warming and air quality issues. Several types of batteries have been used to power EVs since their inception, each with its own strengths and limitations. The most commonly used batteries in EVs are lithium-ion (Li-ion). They have a high energy density and low self-discharge coefficients. High self-discharge coefficients can lead to wasted energy and reduced range. High-energy density batteries provide more range and/or performance for the same size. Sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries, also used in early EVs, are inexpensive but suffer from low energy density and a shorter lifespan than Li-ion batteries. These limitations make them less suitable for modern EVs that require higher performance and range. Although it may seem like EVs are more environmentally friendly than ICE vehicles on the surface, the use of different types of batteries in EVs plays a crucial role in determining their efficiency and sustainability. As technology continues to evolve, batteries will remain a critical aspect of the future of electric mobility and reducing the carbon footprint of transportation.