Adversity to Advantage
A Review of the Potential Strengths Gained from Childhood Adversity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.514Keywords:
childhood adversity, parental separation, parental bereavementAbstract
Childhood adversity is highly prevalent in the United States. Adversities have been linked to a variety of difficulties such as mental illness, substance use, difficulties maintaining employment, and relationship and/or social challenges. Despite these challenges, many individuals experience resilience and positive outcomes following childhood adversity. This project will review existing research on the resilience factors that lead to these positive outcomes. There are 3 sections, the first two on different childhood adversities-parental separation and parental bereavement-and the third being a common consequence of childhood adversities- anxiety.
References
Green JG, McLaughlin KA, Berglund PA, et al., Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations With First Onset of DSM-IV Disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(2):113–123. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
Kessler, R., McLaughlin, K., Green, J., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A., . . . Williams, D. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), 378-385. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499
Fritz, J., de Graaff, A. M., Caisley, H., van Harmelen, A.-L., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2018, May 11). A systematic review of amenable resilience factors that moderate and/or mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and mental health in young people. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00230/full
Bartlett, J.D. Screening for Childhood Adversity: Contemporary Challenges and Recommendations. ADV RES SCI 1, 65–79 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-020-00004-8
St Clair, M. C., Croudace, T., Dunn, V. J., Jones, P. B., Herbert, J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2015). Childhood adversity subtypes and depressive symptoms in early and late adolescence. Development and psychopathology, 27(3), 885–899. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000625
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 47, 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012
Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual review of public health, 26, 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
Masten A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. The American psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227
Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2022). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and psychopathology, 34(1), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887
Haimi, Motti & Lerner, Aaron. (2016). The Impact of Parental Separation and Divorce on the Health Status of Children, and the Ways to Improve it. Journal of Clinical & Medical Genomics. 4. 10.4172/jcmg.1000137.
Trombley, Caitlin & Chang, I. & Knox, David. (2014). Positive Effects of Parental Divorce on Undergraduates. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 55. 557-567. 10.1080/10502556.2014.950905.
EUROSTAT (2015). Analytical Web Note 3/2015 - Demography Report (2015). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/keyDocuments.jsp?advSearchKey=AnalyticalWebNotes-Occasionalwebnotes&mode=advancedSubmit&langId=en&policyArea=&type=0&country=0&year=0
Davies, P. T., Thompson, M. J., Li, Z., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2022). The cognitive costs and advantages of children's exposure to parental relationship instability: Testing an evolutionary-developmental hypothesis. Developmental psychology, 58(8), 1485–1499. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001381
Wallerstein, J. S. (1991). The long-term effects of divorce on children: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(3), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199105000-00001
Seijo, D., Fariña, F., Corras, T., Novo, M., & Arce, R. (2016). Estimating the Epidemiology and Quantifying the Damages of Parental Separation in Children and Adolescents. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01611
Lacey, R. E., Bartley, M., Pikhart, H., Stafford, M., & Cable, N. (2014). Parental separation and adult psychological distress: an investigation of material and relational mechanisms. BMC public health, 14, 272. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-272
Verrocchio, M. C., Marchetti, D., & Fulcheri, M. (2015). Perceived Parental Functioning, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Distress in Adults Whose Parents are Separated/Divorced. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01760
Mohi, Grant, "Positive Outcomes of Divorce: A Multi-Method Study on the Effects of Parental Divorce on Children" (2014). HIM 1990-2015. 1601. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/1601
Baker, Amy & Fine, Paul & Lcsw,. (2008). Beyond the High Road: Responding to 17 Parental Alienation Strategies without Compromising Your Morals or Harming Your Child.
Baker, A. J. L. (2007). Adult children of parental alienation syndrome: Breaking the ties that bind. W W Norton & Co.
Ben-Ami, N., & Baker, A. J. L. (2012). The long-term correlates of childhood exposure to parental alienation on adult self-sufficiency and well-being. American Journal of Family Therapy, 40(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2011.601206
Arce R., Seijo D., Fariña F., Mohamed-Mohand L. (2010). Comportamiento antisocial en menores: riesgo social y trayectoria natural de desarrollo [Antisocial behavior in adolescents: social risk and natural developmental trajectory]. Rev. Mex. Psicol. 27 127–142. [Google Scholar]
Corrás, T., Seijo, D., Fariña, F., Novo, M., Arce, R., & Cabanach, R. G. (2017). What and How Much Do Children Lose in Academic Settings Owing to Parental Separation?. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1545. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01545
Schoon, Ingrid & Parsons, Sam & Sacker, Amanda. (2004). Socioeconomic Adversity, Educational Resilience, and Subsequent Levels of Adult Adaptation. Journal of Adolescent Research - J ADOLESCENT RES. 19. 383-404. 10.1177/0743558403258856.
Ross, S. E., Niebling, B. C., & Heckett, T. M. (1999). Sources of stress among college students. College Student Journal, 33, 316-318.
Clark, C., Caldwell, T., Power, C., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2010). Does the influence of childhood adversity on psychopathology persist across the lifecourse? A 45-year prospective epidemiologic study. Annals of epidemiology, 20(5), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.02.008
So, A., Martinon, F. Inflammation in gout: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol 13, 639–647 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2017.155
Morgan, V. A., Waterreus, A., Jablensky, A., Mackinnon, A., McGrath, J. J., Carr, V., Bush, R., Castle, D., Cohen, M., Harvey, C., Galletly, C., Stain, H. J., Neil, A. L., McGorry, P., Hocking, B., Shah, S., & Saw, S. (2012). People living with psychotic illness in 2010: the second Australian national survey of psychosis. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 46(8), 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867412449877
Dronkers, Jaap and Härkönen, Juho. (2008). The intergenerational transmission of divorce in cross-national perspective: Results from the Fertility and Family Surveys. Population Studies, 62:3, 273 — 288
Cartwright, S. and Pappas, C. (2008) Emotional Intelligence, Its Measurement and Implications for the Workplace. International Journal of Management Reviews, 10, 149-171.
Hanson, T. L. (1999). Does Parental Conflict Explain Why Divorce is Negatively Associated with Child Welfare? Social Forces, 77(4), 1283–1316. https://doi.org/10.2307/3005877
Cigoli, Vittorio & Scabini, Eugenia. (2007). Family Identity: Ties, Symbols, and Transitions. 10.4324/9781410617712.
Carlson, M. J. (2006). Family Structure, Father Involvement, and Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00239.x
Baker, A. J. L., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2013). Italian college student-reported childhood exposure to parental alienation: Correlates with well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 54(8), 609–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2013.837714
Burke, K., & Moore, S. (2015). Development of the Parental Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire. Child psychiatry and human development, 46(4), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0495-x
Yu, Y., & Xiao, Y. (2021). Coparenting Alleviated the Effect of Psychological Distress on Parental Psychological Flexibility. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 646380. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646380
Ginsburg, Golda & Schlossberg, Margaret. (2002). Family-based treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. International Review of Psychiatry - INT REV PSYCHIATR. 14. 143-154. 10.1080/09540260220132662.
Amato, P. R., Kane, J. B., & James, S. (2011). Reconsidering the "Good Divorce". Family relations, 60(5), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00666.x
Laurent, Heidemarie. (2012). Bernstein, R., Keltner, D., & Laurent, H. K. (2012). Parental divorce and romantic attachment in young adulthood: The important role of problematic beliefs. Marriage and Family Review, 48, 711-731..
McGuinness T. M. (2006). Marriage, divorce, and children. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 44(2), 17–20. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20060201-05
Sever, I., Guttmann, J., & Lazar, A. (2007). Positive consequences of parental divorce among Israeli young adults: A long-term effect model. Marriage & Family Review, 42(2), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v42n02_02
Harrison, L., & Harrington, R. (2001). Adolescents' bereavement experiences. Prevalence, association with depressive symptoms, and use of services. Journal of adolescence, 24(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0379
US Bureau of Census. Suicide Deaths and Rates. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics; 1990:129-135
UNAIDS, UNICEF, & USAID. (2005). Children on the Brink 2004: A Joint report on new orphan estimates and a framework for action. New York, NY: Author.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (2001). One-parent family groups with own children under 18, by marital status, and race and Hispanic origin of the reference person. Washington, DC: Author.
Howell, K. H., Shapiro, D. N., Layne, C. M., & Kaplow, J. B. (2015). Individual and psychosocial mechanisms of adaptive functioning in parentally bereaved children. Death studies, 39(1-5), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2014.951497
Revet, A., Bui, E., Benvegnu, G., Suc, A., Mesquida, L., & Raynaud, J. P. (2020). Bereavement and reactions of grief among children and adolescents: Present data and perspectives. L'Encephale, 46(5), 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.007
Zahra Asgari, Azam Naghavi & Mohammad Reza Abedi (2022): Grief Interventions: A Qualitative Review of Systematic Reviews, Journal of Loss and Trauma, DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2022.2102304
Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Shamseddeen, W., Walker Payne, M., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of general psychiatry, 68(9), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.101
Stambrook, M., & Parker, K. C. (1987). The development of the concept of death in childhood: A review of the literature. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33(2), 133–157.
Shear, K., & Shair, H. (2005). Attachment, loss, and complicated grief. Developmental psychobiology, 47(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20091
Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual review of clinical psychology, 7, 511–535. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526
Kaplow, J. B., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R. S., Cohen, J. A., & Lieberman, A. (2012). DSM-V diagnostic criteria for bereavement-related disorders in children and adolescents: developmental considerations. Psychiatry, 75(3), 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.3.243
Ana Draper & Maggie Hancock (2011) Childhood parental bereavement: the risk of vulnerability to delinquency and factors that compromise resilience, Mortality, 16:4, 285-306, DOI: 10.1080/13576275.2011.613266
Ayyash-Abdo, Huda. (2001). Childhood Bereavement: What School Psychologists Need to Know. School Psychology International - SCHOOL PSYCHOL INT. 22. 417-433. 10.1177/0143034301224003.
Eppler, C. (2008). Exploring Themes of Resiliency in Children after the Death of a Parent. Professional School Counseling, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X0801100305
Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Smid, G. E., Mroz, A., Kleber, R. J., & Boelen, P. A. (2020). The prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in bereaved individuals following unnatural losses: Systematic review and meta regression analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 265, 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.034
Maciejewski, P. K., Maercker, A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2016). "Prolonged grief disorder" and "persistent complex bereavement disorder", but not "complicated grief", are one and the same diagnostic entity: an analysis of data from the Yale Bereavement Study. World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 15(3), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20348
Godzik C (2020) Sleep disturbances in bereaved older people: a review of the literature. Mental Health Practice. doi: 10.7748/mhp.2020.e1492
Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., & Wolchik, S. A. (2006). Mediation of the effects of the family bereavement program on mental health problems of bereaved children and adolescents. Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 7(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-006-0037-2
Haine, R. A., Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Weyer, J. L. (2003). Locus of control and self-esteem as stress-moderators or stress-mediators in parentally bereaved children. Death studies, 27(7), 619–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180302894
Haine, R. A., Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., & Wolchik, S. A. (2008). Evidence-Based Practices for Parentally Bereaved Children and Their Families. Professional psychology, research and practice, 39(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.2.113
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. Guilford Press.
Brown, B. B., Bakken, J. P., Ameringer, S. W., & Mahon, S. D. (2008). A comprehensive conceptualization of the peer influence process in adolescence. In M. J. Prinstein & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents (pp. 17–44). The Guilford Press.
Brent, D. A., Melhem, N. M., Masten, A. S., Porta, G., & Payne, M. W. (2012). Longitudinal effects of parental bereavement on adolescent developmental competence. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 41(6), 778–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.717871
Mash, H. B., Fullerton, C. S., Shear, M. K., & Ursano, R. J. (2014). Complicated grief and depression in young adults: personality and relationship quality. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 202(7), 539–543. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000155
Melhem, N. M., Day, N., Shear, M. K., Day, R., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, & Brent, D. (2004). Traumatic grief among adolescents exposed to a peer's suicide. The American journal of psychiatry, 161(8), 1411–1416. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1411
Luecken, L. J. (2008). Long-term consequences of parental death in childhood: Psychological and physiological manifestations. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 397–416). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14498-019
Wolchik, S. A., Ma, Y., Tein, J.-Y., Sandler, I. N., & Ayers, T. S. (2008). Parentally bereaved children's grief: Self-system beliefs as mediators of the relations between grief and stressors and caregiver-child relationship quality. Death Studies, 32(7), 597–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802215551
Brown, H. Douglas. (2000). Principles of Language Learning And Teaching. TESOL Quarterly. 14. 10.2307/3586319.
Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2008). The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma. Pediatrics, 121(2), 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1648
Dowdney L. (2000). Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 41(7), 819–830.
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: a prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(5), 1150–1164. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150
Wright, A. G., Krueger, R. F., Hobbs, M. J., Markon, K. E., Eaton, N. R., & Slade, T. (2013). The structure of psychopathology: toward an expanded quantitative empirical model. Journal of abnormal psychology, 122(1), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030133
Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: protective processes and pathways to resilience. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 20(3), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260802090363
Schoenfelder, E. N., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S., & MacKinnon, D. (2011). Quality of social relationships and the development of depression in parentally-bereaved youth. Journal of youth and adolescence, 40(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9503-z
Cipriano, D. J., & Cipriano, M. R. (2019). Factors Underlying the Relationship Between Parent and Child Grief. Omega, 80(1), 120–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817726935
Staudt, M. (2007). Treatment engagement with caregivers of at-risk children: Gaps in research and conceptualization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9077-2
Ringler, L.L., & Hayden, D.C. (2000). Adolescent Bereavement and Social Support Peer Loss Compared to Other Losses. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 209-230.
Brewer, J. D., & Sparkes, A. C. (2011). Young people living with parental bereavement: Insights from an ethnographic study of a UK childhood bereavement service. Social science & medicine (1982), 72(2), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.10.032
Balk, D. E., Zaengle, D., & Corr, C. A. (2011). Strengthening grief support for adolescents coping with a peer’s death. School Psychology International, 32(2), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311400826
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of traumatic stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326931
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The Foundations of Posttraumatic Growth: An Expanded Framework. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (pp. 3–23). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Michael, Christina & Cooper, Mick. (2013). Post-traumatic growth following bereavement: A systematic review of the literature. Counselling Psychology Review. 28. 18-33. 10.53841/bpscpr.2013.28.4.18.
Seligman and Martin, E.P. (2012) Flourishing-A New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. Atria Press, Philadelphia.
Tedeschi, R. G., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans?. The American psychologist, 66(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021896
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2005). The Human Capacity for Growth Through Adversity. American Psychologist, 60(3), 262–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.3.262b
Wong, M. L., Cavanaugh, C. E., Macleamy, J. B., Sojourner-Nelson, A., & Koopman, C. (2009). Posttraumatic growth and adverse long-term effects of parental cancer in children. Families, systems & health : the journal of collaborative family healthcare, 27(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014771
Yilmaz, M., & Zara, A. (2016). Traumatic loss and posttraumatic growth: the effect of traumatic loss related factors on posttraumatic growth. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 5-11.
Cadell, S., & Marshall, S. (2007). The (re)construction of self after the death of a partner to HIV/AIDS. Death Studies, 31(6), 537–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701356886
Neimeyer, Robert & Smigelsky, Melissa. (2018). Grief Therapy.
Armstrong, D., & Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2011). Relationship to the bereaved and perceptions of severity of trauma differentiate elements of posttraumatic growth. Omega, 63(2), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.63.2.b
Büchi, S., Mörgeli, H., Schnyder, U., Jenewein, J., Hepp, U., Jina, E., Neuhaus, R., Fauchère, J. C., Bucher, H. U., & Sensky, T. (2007). Grief and post-traumatic growth in parents 2-6 years after the death of their extremely premature baby. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 76(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1159/000097969
Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, Coping, and Development. New York: The Guilford Press.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1989-1990). Positive aspects of critical life problems: Recollections of grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 20(4), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.2190/QDY6-6PQC-KQWV-5U7K
Wuthnow, R. (1991) Acts of Compassion: Caring for Others and Helping Ourselves. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Cohen, L. H., Hettler, T. R., & Pane, N. (1998). Assessment of posttraumatic growth. In R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park, & L. G. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 23–42). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
J. Schoulte, Z. Sussman, B. Tallman, M. Deb, C. Cornick and E. Altmaier. (2012). Is There Growth in Grief: Measuring Posttraumatic Growth in the Grief Response. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol. 1 No. 3, 2012, pp. 38-43. doi: 10.4236/ojmp.2012.13007.
Salloum, Alison & Overstreet, Stacy. (2008). Evaluation of Individual and Group Grief and Trauma Interventions for Children Post Disaster. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 37. 495-507. 10.1080/15374410802148194.
Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (5th ed.). Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826134752
Mancini, A. D., Sinan, B., & Bonanno, G. A. (2015). Predictors of prolonged grief, resilience, and recovery among bereaved spouses. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(12), 1245–1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22224
Wortman, Camille. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Progress and Problems. Psychological Inquiry. 15.
Munir S, Takov V. Generalized Anxiety Disorder. [Updated 2022 Oct 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441870/
Twenge JM, Joiner TE. U.S. Census Bureau-assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Depression and Anxiety. 2020;37(10):954–6. Pmid:32667081
Forte, G., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Casagrande, M. (2020). The enemy which sealed the world: Effects of COVID-19 diffusion on the psychological state of the Italian population. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(6), Article Article 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061802
Phillips, S.P.; Yu, J. (2021). Is Anxiety/Depression Increasing among 5–25 Year-Olds? A Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study in Ontario, Canada, 1997–2017. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 282, 141–146.
Ströhle, A., Gensichen, J., & Domschke, K. (2018). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 155(37), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611
Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. Child abuse & neglect, 64, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.012
Karatekin C. (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Stress and Mental Health in College Students. Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 34(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2761
Dar, K. A., Iqbal, N., & Mushtaq, A. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety: Examining the indirect and moderating effects of worry. Asian journal of psychiatry, 29, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.04.017
Adwas, Almokhtar & Jbireal, J. & Azab, Azab. (2019). Anxiety: Insights into Signs, Symptoms, Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. The South African journal of medical sciences. 2. 80-91.
Klauke, B., Deckert, J., Reif, A., Pauli, P., & Domschke, K. (2010). Life events in panic disorder-an update on "candidate stressors". Depression and anxiety, 27(8), 716–730. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20667
Cohen-Louck, K., & Levy, I. (2023). Happiness during a mass trauma: Predicting happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic through function, stress, anxiety, and coping. Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy, 15(3), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001314
Carleton, R. N., Peluso, D. L., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. (2011). Social anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms: the impact of distressing social events. Journal of anxiety disorders, 25(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.002
Goette, L., Bendahan, S., Thoresen, J., Hollis, F., & Sandi, C. (2015). Stress pulls us apart: anxiety leads to differences in competitive confidence under stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 54, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.019
Dionigi, Alberto & Duradoni, Mirko & Vagnoli, Laura. (2021). Humor and anxiety: The relationship between the comic styles, worry and general well-being. Personality and Individual Differences. 181. 111028. 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111028.
Chen, F., Zheng, D., Liu, J., Gong, Y., Guan, Z., & Lou, D. (2020). Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 88, 36–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.061
Langendörfer, Franziska & Hodapp, Volker & Kreutz, Gunter & Bongard, Stephan. (2006). Personality and Performance Anxiety Among Professional Orchestra Musicians. Journal of Individual Differences. 27. 162-171. 10.1027/1614-0001.27.3.162.
An, M., Colarelli, S. M., O'Brien, K., & Boyajian, M. E. (2016). Why We Need More Nature at Work: Effects of Natural Elements and Sunlight on Employee Mental Health and Work Attitudes. PloS one, 11(5), e0155614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155614
Heiderscheit, Annie & Madson, Amy. (2015). Use of the Iso Principle as a Central Method in Mood Management: A Music Psychotherapy Clinical Case Study. Music Therapy Perspectives. 33. 45-52. 10.1093/mtp/miu042.
Mallik, A., & Russo, F. A. (2022). The effects of music & auditory beat stimulation on anxiety: A randomized clinical trial. PloS one, 17(3), e0259312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259312
Ingegerd Carlsson (2002) Anxiety and Flexibility of Defense Related to High or Low Creativity, Creativity Research Journal, 14:3-4, 341-349, DOI: 10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_5
Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. V. (2018). Childhood Adversity and the Creative Experience in Adult Professional Performing Artists. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00111
Perkins, A. M., & Corr, P. J. (2005). Can worriers be winners? The association between worrying and job performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.008
Heckel, Christian & Messerschmidt-Grandi, Caterina & Ringeisen, Tobias. (2021). Learners’ Characteristics, Test Anxiety, Learning Efforts, and Performance: Validating their Structural Relationships. Educational Psychology. 41. 10.1080/01443410.2021.1935468.
Strack, J., & Esteves, F. (2015). Exams? Why worry? Interpreting anxiety as facilitative and stress appraisals. Anxiety, stress, and coping, 28(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.931942
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Anh-Thu Dang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.