How different revenue streams, various regulations and practices impact the financial sustainability, growth and health of professional football sports teams in HDCs?

Abstract

This study examines how diverse revenue streams, regulatory frameworks, and ownership practices shape the financial sustainability, growth, and long-term health of professional football clubs in Highly Developed Countries (HDCs). By analyzing leading European clubs such as Manchester United, Real Madrid, Borussia Dortmund, Juventus, PSG, and Manchester City, the paper highlights the interplay between broadcasting rights, commercial income, and matchday revenues, which together form the financial backbone of modern clubs. It further explores the implications of different ownership models—private, public, hybrid, and fan-controlled—on governance, investment capacity, and financial resilience. Regulatory measures such as UEFA’s Financial Fair Play and Germany’s 50+1 rule are assessed for their role in curbing financial risk while influencing competitive balance. Additionally, the study investigates how football clubs contribute to national and regional economies by driving tourism revenues, destination branding, and international fan mobility. Findings suggest that hybrid and publicly accountable ownership models, diversified revenue portfolios, and closer alignment with tourism development strategies are most effective in ensuring long-term financial sustainability. This research underscores the importance of integrating financial management, regulatory compliance, and global fan engagement to secure football’s future beyond the pitch.