Preprint / Version 1

Analyzing Differences in the Media Representation of Indigenous Involvement in the Stop Line 3 Protests in the US and Canada

##article.authors##

  • Yifan Jia Appleby College

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.305

Keywords:

Media, Representation, Indigneous, Protests

Abstract

The media representation of indigenous peoples differs in the US and in Canada, leading to varying levels of indigenous awareness between these two countries. This paper examines the extent to which the portrayal of indigenous involvement in the Stop Line 3 Protests in summer 2021 differ in mainstream US and Canada news outlets, including CBC, CTV, Global News, CNN, The New York Times, and Fox News. Findings suggest that Canadian news sources provide historical and cultural contexts more frequently, mention more costs of Line 3 than benefits, give more representation to indigenous voices, and portray indigenous peoples more positively. Sources from both countries use appropriate images and word choices; none of the sources mention actions readers can take to protect indigenous rights. Because Canadian sources provide better representations of indigenous peoples, the level of awareness on indigenous issues is higher in Canada than the US. However, sources from both countries should include more adequate historical context and highlight actions readers can take to protect indigenous rights.

References

Alia, V. (2004). Media ethics and social change. In Edinburgh University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474463898

Biden administration passes up chance to block Enbridge’s Line 3 pipeline replacement. (2021, June 25). CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/enbridge-biden-court-filing-no-permit-cancellation-1.6080308

Canadian Public Opinion on Aboriginal Peoples. (2016). In Environics Institute for Survey Research. Environics Institute for Survey Research. Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/public-opinion-about-aboriginal-issues-in-canada-2016/final-report.pdf?sfvrsn=30587aca_2

Crosby, A. M. (2020). News Media Representation of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protest (A Study Using Systemic Functional Linguistics). Kent State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1–281. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2440884752?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar

Davidson, T., Miller, N. P., & Day, B. W. (2022). Primitive or empowered: representations of Native Americans and COVID-19 in news media. Communication Quarterly, 71(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2022.2105654

Dumas, D. (2023). Pipeline Dreams and Nightmares: Media Representation of Indigenous Peoples and the Trans Mountain Expansion Project. Zeitschrift Für Kanada-Studien, 43(1), 32–59.

Enbridge Line 3 divides Indigenous lands, people. (2021, February 27). Arkansas Online. Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2021/feb/27/enbridge-line-3-divides-indigenous-lands-people/

Enbridge Line 3 pipeline protesters rally outside Minnesota capitol to seek halt to construction. (2021, August 26). CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/enbridge-line-3-pipeline-protest-1.6153818

Endres, D. (2012). Sacred land or national sacrifice Zone: The role of values in the Yucca Mountain participation process. Environmental Communication-a Journal of Nature and Culture, 6(3), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2012.688060

Entman, R. M. (1989). How the Media Affect What People Think: An Information Processing Approach. The Journal of Politics, 51(2), 347–370. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131346

Ernt, L., & Joan, L. (2020). Oil Pipelines, Climate Change, and Frames: Local News Coverage of the Enbridge Line 3 Pipeline Replacement Project in Northern Minnesota. University of Minnesota ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1–281. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2488601693?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., Oyserman, D., & Stone, J. M. (2008). Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(3), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530802375003

Giang-Paunon, S. (2021, June 23). Native American business owner rips “hypocritical” protesters for disrupting pipeline work in Minnesota. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/media/native-american-business-protesters-pipeline-minnesota

Głaz, A., & Trofymczuk, A. (2020). Voice and viewpoint in journalistic narratives. Language Sciences, 80, 101274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101274

Grote, K., & Johnson, J. T. (2021). Pipelines, protectors, and settler colonialism: media representations of the Dakota Access Pipeline protest. Settler Colonial Studies, 11(4), 487–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2021.1999008

Karnowski, S. (2021, June 14). Minnesota court affirms approval of Enbridge’s Line 3 oil pipeline. Calgary. https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/minnesota-court-affirms-approval-of-enbridge-s-line-3-oil-pipeline-1.5469498

Kelly, C. R. (2017). Representations of Native Americans in the mass media. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.142

Kolpack, D. (2021a, June 7). Oil pipeline foes protest Enbridge’s Line 3 in Minnesota. CTVNews. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/oil-pipeline-foes-protest-enbridge-s-line-3-in-minnesota-1.5459983

Kolpack, D. (2021b, June 7). ‘Water is life!’ Group protests Enbridge’s Line 3 in Minnesota. Global News. Retrieved July 27, 2023, from https://globalnews.ca/news/7928368/oil-pipeline-protest-enbridge-line-3-alberta/

Leavitt, P. A., Covarrubias, R., Perez, Y. A., & Fryberg, S. A. (2015). “Frozen in Time”: The Impact of Native American Media representations on Identity and Self-Understanding. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12095

Line 3 pipeline opponents appeal to Minnesota Supreme Court. (2021, July 14). CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/line-3-pipeline-opposition-1.6103288

Stop Line 3 Protests. (n.d.). Enbridge Inc. https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/public-awareness/minnesota-projects/line-3-replacement-project

Lucas, F. (2021, June 22). Left aims to defeat another pipeline, but Native American business leaders defend construction. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/minnesota-line-3-pipeline-native-american-business-leaders-defend-construction

McKibben, B. (2021, June 11). Opinion | Biden must stop the Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/11/opinion/keystone-pipeline-biden.html?searchResultPosition=1

Minnesota grants key permits for Enbridge’s Line 3 crude oil pipeline project. (2020, November 12). CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/minnesota-permits-enbridge-line-3-crude-oil-pipeline-1.5800165

Minnesota Supreme Court delivers blow to Line 3 pipeline opponents. (2021, August 25). CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/enbridge-line-3-opponents-appeal-denied-1.6152192

Moore, E. E., & Lanthorn, K. (2017). Framing disaster. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 41(3), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859917706348

Nairn, R., McCreanor, T., & Barnes, A. M. (2017). Mass media representations of indigenous peoples. SHORE & Whariki Research Centre. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59152c88b8a79bdb0e644f2a/t/5a29b30308522909807832f1/1512682251416/Monograph+December+FINAL.pdf

Nelson, S. E., Browne, A. J., & Lavoie, J. G. (2016). Representations of Indigenous peoples and use of pain medication in Canadian news media. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2016.7.1.5

Perkins, D. J., & Starosta, W. J. (2010). Representing Coculturals: on form and news portrayals of Native Americans. Howard Journal of Communications, 12(2), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170119224

Research Findings: Compilation of All Research. (2018). In Reclaiming Native Truth. First Nations Development Institute. Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://www.firstnations.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/FullFindingsReport-screen.pdf

Stimson, B. (2021, August 29). Minnesota governor’s mansion targeted by pipeline protesters; 69 arrested. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/us/minnesota-governor-mansion-pipeline-protest-arrests

Sutton, J., & Silverman, H. (2021, June 8). Protesters want a pipeline project shut down in Minnesota. Some damaged the site and forced workers out, the company says. CNN. Retrieved July 27, 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/08/us/minnesota-pipeline-protest-enbridge-energy/index.html

Tabuchi, H. (2021, June 25). Biden administration backs Oil Sands pipeline project. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/24/climate/line-3-pipeline-biden.html?searchResultPosition=3

Tabuchi, H., Furber, M., & Davenport, C. (2021, June 10). Line 3 Protest tests 2 of Biden’s campaign pledges. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/climate/line-3-pipeline-protest-native-americans.html?searchResultPosition=2

VanEvery, L. (2019). The Examination of News Media Representation of Indigenous Murder Victims in Canada: A Case Study of Colten Boushie’s Death [MA thesis]. Wilfrid Laurier University.

Walker, C., Alexander, A., Doucette, M. B., Lewis, D., Neufeld, H. T., Martin, D., Masuda, J., Stefanelli, R., & Castleden, H. (2019). Are the pens working for justice? News media coverage of renewable energy involving Indigenous Peoples in Canada. Energy Research and Social Science, 57, 101230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101230

Downloads

Posted

2023-08-10

Categories