Enhancing Human Rights and Sustainable Practices in Cobalt Mining: The Role of Supply Chain Due Diligence

Abstract

Artisanal and small-scale cobalt miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) face numerous human rights abuses, including poor working conditions and child labor exploitation. As the DRC remains a global leader in cobalt production, driven by the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries, concerns over the health and well-being of these miners have escalated. While previous attempts to address the issue, such as Law No. 007/2002, fell short, this research paper proposes a solution centered around international legislative regulations requiring supply chain due diligence and responsible cobalt standards. This research paper examines the effectiveness of supply chain due diligence through a case study of two artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sites in the DRC. Results reveal that implementing due diligence significantly curtails common human rights violations, such as child labor, by enforcing strict age control systems. Moreover, supply chain due diligence improves health and safety conditions in ASM mines, thus reducing occupational accidents and mitigating health risks associated with elevated cobalt exposure. Despite a counterargument questioning the efficacy of due diligence initiatives, the paper highlights the adverse welfare impacts of eliminating ASM mining, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions. The proposed implementation involves an international cobalt supply chain management system, promoting ethical and safe standards for cobalt mining. While short-term challenges may arise during the certification process, strict enforcement of supply chain due diligence promises long-term benefits for ASM cobalt miners in the DRC. By safeguarding their human rights and improving working conditions, this solution aims to strike a balance between economic demands and social responsibility in the cobalt mining industry.