Cancer Uncovered: Genes, Tumors, and New Therapies

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization, cancer is a leading cause of death, with an estimated 10 million deaths a year. Cancer relies on two factors: genetic and epigenetic changes that disrupt normal cellular functions. Even with years of doubts and research about what fuels tumor progression, many doubts regarding tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and the surrounding tumor microenvironment are unanswered. New genomic sequencing has uncovered how complex cancer can be, leading to both hope and debate on the most efficient ways to treat and prevent it. This paper focuses on the molecular and genetic basis of cancer, including findings and debates, from the classic oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to the complex signaling pathways controlling cell behavior. Using recent research, this paper highlights the new opportunities for therapeutic innovation while emphasizing the many ways this disease affects the body.