The Multifaceted Impacts on Marginalized Communities: Makoko, Kibera, and Kivalina: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.2318Keywords:
impact, marginalized communities, Kibera, Makoko, KivalinaAbstract
This article examines the impact on marginalized communities in three specific communities: Kibera, Makoko, and Kivalina. Marginalized communities are those excluded from mainstream social, economic, educational, or cultural life [1]. These communities are impacted by a myriad of factors, including but not limited to rising sea levels, pollution, flooding, coastal erosion, climate change, and a lack of space. These factors have a direct impact on marginalized communities, affecting their quality of life and causing them to struggle with a number of issues such as poverty, poor sanitation, food insecurity, insufficient electricity supply, unemployment, and a lack of access to clean water [1]. We will research the connections between three different marginalized communities and their impact. What is the impact on Makoko, Kibera, and Kivalina? How does it affect them? We will answer this question by examining the standard of living of marginalized communities before, during, and after the impact. Our research methodology included reviewing, analyzing, and summarizing data from journals and case studies.
References
Lawanson, O. I., Proverbs, D., & Ibrahim, R. L. (2014). The impact of environmental factors on informal settlements. Urban Studies Review, 38(2), 85-102.
Bolle, P., et al. (2021). Economic impacts of flooding in informal settlements. Journal of Urban Development, 45(3), 123-134.
Adeyemi, K. (2013). Designing for resilience: The Makoko floating school. International Journal of Sustainable Architecture.
World Bank. (2020). Integrated flood risk management for informal settlements. www.worldbank.org.
Doctors Without Borders. (2011). Healthcare challenges in Makoko: A floating clinic initiative.
Saulnier, D. D., et al. (2018). Health impacts of air pollution in overcrowded settlements. Public Health Journal, 54(1), 45-58.
The Guardian. (2016). The rise and fall of the Makoko floating school. www.theguardian.com.
Amakihe, E. (1970). Forced eviction and demolition of slum: A case study of the Makoko slum in Lagos, Nigeria. Aalto University’s Research Portal. research.aalto.fi/en/publications/forced-eviction-and-demolition-of-slum-a-case-study-of-the-makoko.
Adeyemi, K. (2013). Makoko floating school project overview. NLÉ Works.
Oduah, C. (2016, June 10). Makoko floating school collapses. Al Jazeera. www.aljazeera.com.
Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). (2011). Floating clinic report: Makoko community. MSF Publications.
Arctic Infrastructure. (2020). Proposal for healthcare facility in Makoko. Infrastructure Development Annual Report.
Makoko: The struggle against environmental disasters. Nigerian Environmental Studies Journal, 22(4), 34-47.
Flooding and its impact on Makoko: A historical overview. Lagos Times, 12 May 2005, 56-60.
Smith, J. (2008). The effects of flooding on urban communities in Lagos. Lagos University Press.
Overcrowding and air pollution in Lagos slums. Global Health and Environmental Journal, 14(3), 78-83.
Waste management issues in urban slums. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 9(2), 145-159.
Okoro, E. (2017). Health impacts in Makoko slum communities: A case study. Nigerian Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 22-29.
Prevalence of airborne diseases in Nigerian slums. Journal of Infectious Diseases in Africa, 10(4), 90-95.
Heinrich Böll Stiftung Foundation. (2020). Economic challenges in Makoko: A study of marginalization. Heinrich Böll Stiftung.
Krichene, J., et al. (2021). The economic consequences of flooding and coastal erosion in Makoko. Environmental Economics Review, 29(2), 102-115.
Krichene, H., et al. (2021). Long-term impacts of tropical cyclones and fluvial floods on economic growth – Empirical evidence on transmission channels at different levels of development. World Development, 144, 105475.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105475.
Climate change and flooding in Makoko: A study on the impacts. Environmental Research Journal, 23(3), 88-95.
Makoko floating school: Challenges and future prospects. Lagos Infrastructure Journal, 18 July 2016, 10-12.
Krichene, J., et al. (2021). The economic impact of flooding on urban growth in Africa. Journal of Environmental Economics and Development, 30(1), 115-130.
Bolle, J., et al. (2021). Coastal degradation and flooding in West Africa: A study of long-term impacts. Environmental Science and Policy Review, 36(2), 200-210.
Saulnier, C., et al. (2018). Health risks of flooding: A study of diarrhea and vector-borne diseases in Makoko. International Journal of Public Health, 58(4), 220-229.
Mtapuri, O., et al. (2019). Flooding and urban development: Barriers to growth in West African communities. African Development Review, 31(5), 450-463.
Urbanization challenges in Kenya's Nairobi: A tangled web of issues.
Some facts and stats about Kibera, Kenya. (2015, June 21). Kibera UK. www.kibera.org.uk/facts-info/.
Saiesha. (2022, August 13). Poverty and inequality in the Kibera slum. The Borgen Project. borgenproject.org/kibera-slum/.
Cohen, J. H., & Bulbulia, J. (2021). Understanding the grassroots dynamics of slums in Nairobi: The dilemma of Kibera informal settlements.
Progress and promise: Innovations in slum upgrading post-project intervention assessment report. (2014).
Musoi, K., et al. (2014). A study of crime in urban slums in Kenya. Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, Republic of Kenya.
Mohiddin, A., Langat, E., Orwa, J., et al. (2022). Exploring the impact of health worker strikes on maternal and child health in a Kenyan county. BMC Health Services Research, 22, 1139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08493-2.
de Bercegol, R., & Monstadt, J. (2018). The Kenya slum electrification program: Local politics of electricity networks in Kibera. Energy Research & Social Science, 41, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.007.
Corburn, J., & Karanja, I. (2016). Informal settlements and a relational view of health in Nairobi, Kenya: Sanitation, gender, and dignity. Health Promotion International, 31(2), 258–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau100.
Accountability Office. (2021, May 12). 2021 annual report: New opportunities to reduce fragmentation, overlap, and duplication and achieve billions in financial benefits. Gao.gov. www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-455sp.
Sackur, S. (2013, July 30). The Alaskan village set to disappear under water in a decade. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23346370.
Christensen, K. (2024, March 1). Thawing permafrost releases industrial contaminants into Arctic communities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 132(3).
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10971047/. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp13998.
Brubaker, M., et al. (2016). Climate change in Kivalina, Alaska: Strategies for community health. ANTHC Center for Climate and Health.
Oyarzabal, O. A., & VanRenterghem, B. B. (n.d.). The meaning of food safety. www.food-safety.com.
World Bank. (2024). What is food security? World Bank. www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-update/what-is-food-security.
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Shashwat Mishra, Tashvi Khare, Angelisa Wang, Qistina Yuzrinoor, Aneeqa Parpia, Boran Huang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.