An Overview of Environmental Factors on Skin Cancer and Photodynamic Therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.2169Keywords:
Skin Cancer, Melanoma, Photodynamic Therapy, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell CarcinomaAbstract
Cancer is one of the largest leading causes of death in the world, collectively accounting for the second leading cause of death, with 600,000 deaths in the US alone as of 2020. Cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells that grow uncontrollably and can spread to other body parts. Lung, colorectal, stomach, prostate, female breast, cutaneous melanoma, cervical and thyroid cancers are among the most commonly diagnosed cancers among adults.2 Nevertheless, incidence rates and the burden of cancer have continuously risen rapidly, having a significant impact on public health over the years. However, with improved technologies and new ways of detecting cancer beginning to emerge, survival rates have shown a significant increase. This research paper serves to provide a comprehensive review of one of the most common cancers worldwide—skin cancer—and focuses on its etiology, while also incorporating a review on preventions and certain treatment methods.
References
Organization, W. H. (n.d.). Cancer. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer#tab=tab_1
Schwartz S. M. (2024). Epidemiology of Cancer. Clinical chemistry, 70(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvad202
Narayanan, D. L., Saladi, R. N., & Fox, J. L. (2010). Review: Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. International Journal of Dermatology, 49(9), 978–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04474.x
Skin cancer. (n.d.). https://www.aad.org/media/stats-skin-cancer
Hasan, N., Nadaf, A., Imran, M., Jiba, U., Sheikh, A., Almalki, W. H., Almujri, S. S., Mohammed, Y. H., Kesharwani, P., & Ahmad, F. J. (2023). Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches. Molecular cancer, 22(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-023-01854-3
Basset-Seguin, N., & Herms, F. (2020). Update in the Management of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Acta dermato-venereologica, 100(11), adv00140. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3495
Society, A. C. (2024, November 15). What are basal and squamous cell skin cancers?: Types of skin cancer. Types of Skin Cancer | American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/about/what-is-basal-and-squamous-cell.html#:~:text=Basal%20cell%20carcinoma,-Basal%20cell%20carcinoma&text=These%20cancers%20start%20in%20the,other%20parts%20of%20the%20body.
Staff, M. C. (2023, August 11). Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352480
Rastrelli, M., Tropea, S., Rossi, C. R., & Alaibac, M. (2014). Melanoma: epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and classification. In vivo (Athens, Greece), 28(6), 1005–1011.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25398793/
Saginala, K., Barsouk, A., Aluru, J. S., Rawla, P., & Barsouk, A. (2021). Epidemiology of Melanoma. Medical Sciences, 9(4), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci9040063
Cooper, B. R. (2024, May 2). Overview of environmental skin cancer risks. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603721/#:~:text=Exposure%20to%20ultraviolet%20(UV)%20radiation,DNA%20present%20within%20skin%20cells.
Leffell, D. J. (2000). The scientific basis of skin cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 42(1), S18–S22. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2000.103340
Cust, A. E., Armstrong, B. K., Goumas, C., Jenkins, M. A., Schmid, H., Hopper, J. L., Kefford, R. F., Giles, G. G., Aitken, J. F., & Mann, G. J. (2010). Sunbed use during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with increased risk of early-onset melanoma. International Journal of Cancer, 128(10), 2425–2435. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25576
Yu, H. S., Liao, W. T., & Chai, C. Y. (2006). Arsenic carcinogenesis in the skin. Journal of biomedical science, 13(5), 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11373-006-9092-8
National Cancer Institute. (2011, September 6). Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer - National Cancer Institute. Www.cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/photodynamic-therapy
Kornek, T., & Augustin, M. (2013). Skin cancer prevention. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG, 11(4), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12066
Linos, E., Katz, K. A., & Colditz, G. A. (2016). Skin Cancer-The Importance of Prevention. JAMA internal medicine, 176(10), 1435–1436. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5008
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Kara Mah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.