A review of Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Relation to Climate Change

BCC and SCC Relation with Climate Change

Abstract

Skin cancer remains a significant public health challenge, with diagnosis rates differing significantly worldwide. This review explores the link between climate change and its impact on Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC). Both types of skin cancer are primarily caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. BCC is mainly associated with UVB-induced mutations in the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway, which generally controls cell growth and tissue regeneration. When mutated, the hedgehog signaling pathway can lead to unchecked cell proliferation and cancer development. On the other hand, SCC is primarily driven by mutations in the MAPK signaling pathway, which oversees cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Mutations in this pathway result in the constant activation of RAF, MEK, and ERK proteins, leading to uncontrolled cell division. Diagnosing BCC and SCC typically involves physical exams, biopsies, and imaging tests to determine the stage of cancer. Treatment options include Mohs surgery, excision, cryotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. Climate change exacerbates the risk and incidence of skin cancer by increasing UV radiation exposure, making it a growing concern if not addressed promptly. Skin cancer rates also vary globally due to differences in geographic location, healthcare access, and cultural practices. Sunscreen remains a vital preventive measure worldwide, though in the U.S., regulatory barriers classify sunscreen as a drug, slowing the approval of new, more effective ingredients compared to countries where sunscreen is considered a cosmetic. Despite significant progress in reducing skin cancer incidence, more efforts are needed to fully address the ongoing challenges of diagnosis and mortality.