Current and Prospective Treatments for Triple Negative Breast Cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.1394Keywords:
Breast Cancer, treatments, Triple Negative Breast Cancer, TNBCAbstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by a lack of expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers and has the poorest prognosis of all breast cancer subtypes. TNBC is especially challenging to treat because of a lack of well-defined molecular targets, and current treatments for TNBC, especially chemotherapy, often result in resistance, recurrence, and off-target toxicity. A promising solution for these challenges is precision medicine, a therapeutic approach that involves tailoring treatment to the individual patient by identifying the specific mutations driving their disease. This review will explore the current treatment options for TNBC, specifically chemotherapy and immunotherapy, emphasizing the limitations of these common modalities of treatment. Using precision medicine approaches, it may be possible to tailor currently available treatments to individual patients to improve outcomes and lessen side effects. This paper will also address the phenomenon of cancer resistance, one of the key challenges in treating TNBC, and highlight how precision medicine can address this issue.
References
Chan, K. S., et al. “Mitosis-Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapies: Where They Stand.” Cell Death & Disease, vol. 3, no. 10, Oct. 2012, p. e411. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2012.148.
Clusan, Léa, et al. “A Basic Review on Estrogen Receptor Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 24, no. 7, Apr. 2023, p. 6834. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076834.
Derakhshan, Fatemeh, and Jorge S. Reis-Filho. “Pathogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.” Annual Review of Pathology, vol. 17, Jan. 2022, pp. 181–204. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-042420-093238.
Ferrari, Paola, et al. “Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Emerging Therapies for Chemotherapy Resistant TNBC.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 23, no. 3, 3, Jan. 2022, p. 1665. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031665.
García Sar, Daniel, et al. “Reduction of Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Vivo by Selenomethionine: The Effect on Cisplatin-DNA Adducts.” Chemical Research in Toxicology, vol. 24, no. 6, June 2011, pp. 896–904. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1021/tx200085n.
Gutierrez, Carolina, and Rachel Schiff. “HER 2: Biology, Detection, and Clinical Implications.” Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, vol. 135, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 55–62. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1043/2010-0454-RAR.1.
Li, Yun, et al. “Recent Advances in Therapeutic Strategies for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.” Journal of Hematology & Oncology, vol. 15, no. 1, Aug. 2022, p. 121. BioMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01341-0.
Liu, Yang, et al. “Advances in Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.” Molecular Cancer, vol. 22, no. 1, Sept. 2023, p. 145. BioMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-023-01850-7.
Luo, Chenyi, et al. “Progress and Prospect of Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.” Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 12, 2022, p. 919072. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.919072.
Masci, Domiziana, et al. “Recent Advances in Drug Discovery for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment.” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 22, 22, Jan. 2023, p. 7513. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227513.
Medina, Mauricio A., et al. “Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Conventional and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 6, 6, Jan. 2020, p. 2078. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062078.
Morales, Julio C., et al. “Review of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Mechanisms of Action and Rationale for Targeting in Cancer and Other Diseases.” Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, vol. 24, no. 1, 2014, pp. 15–28.
Nasiri, Fatemeh, et al. “CAR-T Cell Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Hunting the Invisible Devil.” Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 13, Nov. 2022, p. 1018786. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018786.
Nedeljković, Milica, and Ana Damjanović. “Mechanisms of Chemotherapy Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer—How We Can Rise to the Challenge.” Cells, vol. 8, no. 9, 9, Sept. 2019, p. 957. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8090957.
Prosperi, Mattia, et al. “Big Data Hurdles in Precision Medicine and Precision Public Health.” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 18, no. 1, Dec. 2018, p. 139. Springer Link, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0719-2.
Stuelten, Christina H., et al. “Cell Motility in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis: Insights from Simple Model Organisms.” Nature Reviews. Cancer, vol. 18, no. 5, May 2018, pp. 296–312. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2018.15.
Subhan, Md Abdus, et al. “Recent Advances with Precision Medicine Treatment for Breast Cancer Including Triple-Negative Sub-Type.” Cancers, vol. 15, no. 8, Apr. 2023, p. 2204. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15082204.
Tang, Qing, et al. “The Role of PD-1/PD-L1 and Application of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Human Cancers.” Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 13, 2022, p. 964442. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.964442.
Thomas, Remy, et al. “Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment: Promising Future Prospects.” Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 10, Feb. 2021, p. 600573. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.600573.
Toulouie, Sara, et al. “Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer: Development and Challenges.” Journal of Cancer, vol. 12, no. 4, Jan. 2021, pp. 1212–19. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.54095.
Vermorken, J. B., et al. “Carboplatin versus Cisplatin.” Annals of Oncology, vol. 4, 1993, pp. S41–48. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/4.suppl_4.S41.
Weng, Lijuan, et al. “The Molecular Subtyping and Precision Medicine in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer---Based on Fudan TNBC Classification.” Cancer Cell International, vol. 24, Mar. 2024, p. 120. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-024-03261-0.
Zagami, Paola, and Lisa Anne Carey. “Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Pitfalls and Progress.” Npj Breast Cancer, vol. 8, no. 1, Aug. 2022, pp. 1–10. www.nature.com, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-022-00468-0.
Zajączkowska, Renata, et al. “Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 20, no. 6, 6, Jan. 2019, p. 1451. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061451.
Zhang, Chunyu, et al. “Platinum-Based Drugs for Cancer Therapy and Anti-Tumor Strategies.” Theranostics, vol. 12, no. 5, Feb. 2022, pp. 2115–32. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.69424.
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sofia Green
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.