What Factors Would Cause Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia and How Do These Diagnoses Impact Behavior and Brain Structure in Teenagers?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.1335Keywords:
Mood disorders, Adolescents, Brain structure, Schizophrenia, AnxietyAbstract
Depression and anxiety are common mental health conditions that can significantly impact one's life, especially during the teenage years when individuals become more aware of their mental health. Anxiety disorders can be triggered by a range of life experiences, including traumatic events. There are various types of anxiety disorders, such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder, each with its distinct symptoms and traits. Major Depressive Disorder is the most common type of depression associated with significant personal suffering and physical and mental disability. Previous research has identified specific areas of the brain that are relevant in cases of schizophrenia, which are commonly observed in family studies. These mental disorders can be observed using MRI studies. Teenagers worldwide experience stress in various aspects of their lives, examples would be academic pressure, social challenges, and family conflicts which can all have impacts on mental health. Similarly, screen time and COVID-19 are environmental factors that can impact an individual’s physical and mental health. Overall, this paper reviewed the changes in brain structure in teenagers who are diagnosed with anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia and the impact of their diagnosis on daily life. As research in the fields of psychology and neuroscience continues to advance, new data is likely to emerge, further enhancing our understanding of these mental disorders.
References
Paulus, M. P., Zhao, Y., Potenza, M. N., Aupperle, R. L., Bagot, K. S., & Tapert, S. F. (2023), Screen media activity in youth: A critical review of mental health and neuroscience findings, Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950004423000184
Kenwood M. M., Kalin, N. H., & Barbas, H. (2022), The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders, Neuropsychopharmacology, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-021-01109-z
Orsolini, L., Latini, R., Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Volpe, U., Vellante, F., ... & De Berardis, D. (2020), Understanding the complex of suicide in depression: from research to clinics, Psychiatry investigation, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7113180/
Melrose, S. (2015), Seasonal affective disorder: an overview of assessment and treatment approaches, Depression research and treatment, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/drt/2015/178564/
Behar, E., DiMarco, I. D., Hekler, E. B., Mohlman, J., & Staples, A. M. (2009), Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications, Journal of anxiety disorders, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618509001339
Vieta, E., Berk, M., Schulze, T. G., Carvalho, A. F., Suppes, T., Calabrese, J. R., ... & Grande, I. (2018). Bipolar disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp20188
Mann, J. J., Bortinger, J., Oquendo, M. A., Currier, D., Li, S., & Brent, D. A. (2005). Family history of suicidal behavior and mood disorders in probands with mood disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1672
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2021). Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Research, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178120332595
Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123944276000248
Siever, L. J., & Davis, K. L. (2004). The pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorders: perspectives from the spectrum. American Journal of Psychiatry, https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.398
Turkington, D., Kingdon, D., & Weiden, P. J. (2006). Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.365
Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M., & McCarley, R. W. (2001). A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996401001633
Jones, E. G. (1997). Cortical development and thalamic pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/23/3/483/1886191
Bandelow, B., Charimo Torrente, A., Wedekind, D., Broocks, A., Hajak, G., & Rüther, E. (2004). Early traumatic life events, parental rearing styles, family history of mental disorders, and birth risk factors in patients with social anxiety disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-004-0521-2
Terlizzi, E. P., & Villarroel, M. A. (2020). Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder among adults: United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db378.htm
Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2018). Understanding social anxiety disorder in adolescents and improving treatment outcomes: Applying the cognitive model of Clark and Wells (1995). Clinical child and family psychology review, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5
Josephine Elia (2023). Panic Attack in Children and Adolescents. MERCK MANUAL, https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/children-s-health-issues/mental-health-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/panic-disorder-in-children-and-adolescents
Axelson, D. A., & Birmaher, B. (2001). Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depression and anxiety, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/da.1048
Cape, J., Whittington, C., Buszewicz, M., Wallace, P., & Underwood, L. (2010). Brief psychological therapies for anxiety and depression in primary care: meta-analysis and meta-regression. BMC Medicine, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1741-7015-8-38
Merz, E. C., He, X., & Noble, K. G. (2018). Anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and brain structure in children and adolescents. NeuroImage Clinical, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221315821830232
Sher, L. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/113/10/707/5857612
Levenberg, K., & Cordner, Z. A. (2022). Bipolar depression: a review of treatment options. General Psychiatry, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9358943/
Josephine Elia (2023). Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents. MERCK MANUAL, https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/children-s-health-issues/mental-health-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/schizophrenia-in-children-and-adolescents
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Davidson, K. W., Kessler, R. C., Asmundson, G. J., Goodwin, R. D., Kubzansky, L., ... & Stein, M. B. (2008). Anxiety disorders and comorbid medical illness. General hospital psychiatry, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163834307002599
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2020). Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: current and emerging treatment options. Frontiers in psychiatry, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584/full?crsi=undefined&cicada_org_src=healthwebmagazine.com&cicada_org_mdm=direct
Angelescu, I., Brugger, S. P., Borgan, F., Kaar, S. J., & Howes, O. D. (2021). The magnitude and variability of brain structural alterations in bipolar disorder: a double meta-analysis of 5534 patients and 6651 healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032721004225
Hersh, E. (2022). Imaging Shows Differences in Brains with Schizophrenia. Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-brain-scan
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Qingge(Aloha) Xia
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.