Hydrogen Storage for Automotive Applications
A Comparison
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.1310Keywords:
Hydrogen Storage, Automotive Applications, Paris AgreementAbstract
To abide by the Paris Agreement’s goal of a maximum of a 1.5 ℃ increase in temperature within the world, there needs to be a greater transition towards sustainable energy with hydrogen, coupled with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Creating a carbon-neutral society requires the transportation sector, the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, to transition to more environmentally friendly vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells. The storage and transportation of hydrogen for hydrogen-powered vehicles requires great efficiency, a smaller environmental impact in manufacturing, and the right materials to prevent embrittlement and combustion. Although physical-based hydrogen storage is most developed, material-based hydrogen storage, such as nanomaterials and metal hydrides, present promise in the absorption and desorption of hydrogen. A comparison between physical (compression, cryogenic) and material (metal hydrides, LOHC, carbon-based) storage will be investigated to help determine what storage type fits different vehicles, such as sedans and buses. This investigation will bridge the gap between the hydrogen storage technology available as of 2023 and the feasibility of these different methods in powering various vehicles efficiently to help create a carbon-neutral society.
References
Ahluwalia, R.K., & Hua, T.Q. (2016). Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage. Compendium of Hydrogen Energy.
Anastasopoulou, A., Furukawa, H., Barnett, B. R., Jiang, H. Z.H., Long, J. R., & Breunig, H. M. (2021, February 1). Technoeconomic analysis of metal–organic frameworks for bulk hydrogen transportation. RSC Publishing. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/ee/d0ee02448a
BMW Group. (2023, February 27). BMW Group brings hydrogen cars to the road: BMW iX5 Hydrogen pilot fleet launches. BMW Group PressClub. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0408839EN/bmw-group-brings-hydrogen-cars-to-the-road:-bmw-ix5-hydrogen-pilot-fleet-launches?language=en
Boateng, E., & Chen, A. (2020, June). Recent advances in nanomaterial-based solid-state hydrogen storage. MaterialsToday Advances, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2019.100022
Chen, G., Luo, J., Cai, M., Qin, L., Wang, Y., Gao, L., Huang, P., Yu, Y., Ding, Y., Dong, X., Yin, X., & Ni, J. (2019, September 16). Investigation of Metal-Organic Framework-5 (MOF-5) as an Antitumor Drug Oridonin Sustained Release Carrier. NCBI. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767262/
Cho, R. (2012, September 19). Rare Earth Metals: Will We Have Enough? State of the Planet. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2012/09/19/rare-earth-metals-will-we-have-enough/
Chu, C., Wu, K., Luo, B., Cao, Q., & Zhang, H. (2023). Hydrogen storage by liquid organic hydrogen carriers: Catalyst, renewable carrier, and technology – A review. Carbon Resources Conversion, 6(4), 334-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crcon.2023.03.007
DeSantis, D., Mason, J. A., James, B. D., Houchins, C., Long, J. R., & Veenstra, M. (2017). Techno-economic Analysis of Metal−Organic Frameworks for Hydrogen and Natural Gas Storage. Energy and Fuels, 31(2). http://alchemy.cchem.berkeley.edu/static/pdf/papers/paper256.pdf
Gordon, K., Bossu, E., & Mazumdar, J. (2023, March 7). A Guide to Precious Metals: Platinum vs Palladium Breakdown. The Assay. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.theassay.com/articles/the-assay-insights/palladium-vs-platinum-investment/
Herzog, H. (2023). Carbon Capture. MIT Climate Portal. Retrieved December 24, 2023, from https://climate.mit.edu/explainers/carbon-capture
Hosseini, S. E., & Butler, B. (2019, November 18). An overview of development and challenges in hydrogen powered vehicles. International Journal of Green Energy, 17(1), 13-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1685999
Hosseini, S. E. (2023). Chapter 5 - Hydrogen storage and delivery challenges. In (pp. 237-254). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323886710000036
Hren, R., Vujanovic, A., Fan, Y. V., Klemes, J. J., Krajnc, D., & Cucek, L. (2023, March). Hydrogen production, storage and transport for renewable energy and chemicals: An environmental footprint assessment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 173, 113113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.113113
Hyundai USA. (n.d.). 2023 Nexo Fuel Cell | Vehicle Overview. Hyundai USA. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.hyundaiusa.com/us/en/vehicles/nexo
The International Consortium for Fire Safety, Health & The Environment. (n.d.). Research on safety issues regarding fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen fueled vehicles in general. Minnesota Department of Public Safety. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/sfm/programs-services/Documents/Responder%20Safety/Alternative%20Fuels/FuelCellHydrogenFuelVehicleSafety.pdf
Klopčič, N., Grimmer, I., Winkler, F., Sartory, M., & Trattner, A. (2023, November 20). A review on metal hydride materials for hydrogen storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108456
Langmi, H. W., & Bessarabov, D. (2022). Compressed Hydrogen Storage. Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications.
Mahajan, S., & Lahtinen, M. (2022, December). Recent progress in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for CO2 capture at different pressures. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(6), 108930. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343722018036
Migliozzi, B. (2021, March 10). Electric Cars Are Coming. How Long Until They Rule the Road?. The New York Times. Retrieved September 24, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/10/climate/electric-vehicle-fleet-turnover.html
MIT Climate. (2022, October 13). Are electric vehicles definitely better for the climate than gas-powered cars? MIT Climate Portal. Retrieved September 24, 2023, from https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/are-electric-vehicles-definitely-better-climate-gas-powered-cars
Modisha, P. M., Ouma, C. N. M., Garidzirai, R., Wasserscheid, P., & Bessarabov, D. (2019). The Prospect of Hydrogen Storage Using Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers. Energy Fuels, 33(4), 2778-2796. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00296
Muthukumar, P., Kumar, A., Afzal, M., Bhogilla, S., Sharma, P., Parida, A., Jana, S., Kumar, E. A., Pai, R. K., & Jain, I.P. (2023, May). Review on large-scale hydrogen storage systems for better sustainability. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(85), 33223-33259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.304
Noyan, O. F., Hasan, M. M., & Pala, N. (2023). A Global Review of the Hydrogen Energy Eco-System. Advances in Hydrogen Energy II, 16(3), 1484. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/3/1484
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (n.d.). Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Basics. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.nrel.gov/research/transportation-fuel-cells.html#:~:text=As%20with%20other%20electric%20vehicles,store%20it%20in%20the%20battery.
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. (n.d.). DOE Technical Targets for Onboard Hydrogen Storage for Light-Duty Vehicles. Department of Energy. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-onboard-hydrogen-storage-light-duty-vehicles
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. (n.d.). Materials-Based Hydrogen Storage. Department of Energy. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/materials-based-hydrogen-storage
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. (n.d.). Physical Hydrogen Storage. Department of Energy. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/physical-hydrogen-storage#:~:text=Physical%20storage%20is%20the%20most,a%20pressurized%20hydrogen%20storage%20tank.
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. (2016). Where the Energy Goes: Gasoline Vehicles. Fuel Economy. Retrieved January 20, 2024, from https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml
Pearson+. (n.d.). Magnesium metal burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide, MgO. (b... | Channels for Pearson+. Pearson. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.pearson.com/channels/general-chemistry/asset/4087f2ea/magnesium-metal-burns-in-oxygen-to-form-magnesium-oxide-mgo-b-how-many-grams-of-
Qi, L., & Huang, W. (2022, February 10). A 'fairly simple' breakthrough makes accessing stored hydrogen more efficient. Ames Laboratory. Retrieved February 1, 2024, from https://www.ameslab.gov/news/a-fairly-simple-breakthrough-makes-accessing-stored-hydrogen-more-efficient
Ramirez-Vidal, P., Canevesi, R. L. S., Celzard, A., & Fierro, V. (2022, January 10). Modeling High-Pressure Hydrogen Uptake by Nanoporous Metal–Organic Frameworks: Implications for Hydrogen Storage and Delivery. Applied Nano-Materials, 5(1), 759-773. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c03493
Raptopoulou, C. P. (2021, January). Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthetic Methods and Potential Applications. Materials (Basel), 14(2), 310. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826725/#:~:text=Metal%20Organic%20Frameworks%20(MOFs)%20constitute,as%20linkers%20between%20the%20nodes
Rivard, E., Trudeau, M., & Zaghib, K. (2019). Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review - PMC. Materials (Basel), 12(12), 1973. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630991/
SFC Energy. (n.d.). Calorific value and heating value of hydrogen. SFC Energy AG. Retrieved September 24, 2023, from https://www.sfc.com/en/glossar/heating-value-of-hydrogen/
SFC Energy. (n.d.). Metal hydride storage | Glossary | Simply explained. SFC Energy AG. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.sfc.com/en/glossar/metal-hydride-storage/
Toyota. (n.d.). 2023 Toyota Mirai. Toyota. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.toyota.com/mirai/
umicore. (2021, June 21). LOHC technology. Umicore. Retrieved December 27, 2023, from https://www.umicore.com/en/newsroom/lohc-technology/
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, July 13). Nitrogen Oxides Control Regulations | Ozone Control Strategies | Ground-level Ozone | New England | US EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved December 27, 2023, from https://www3.epa.gov/region1/airquality/nox.html
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, October 31). Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions | US EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2023, from https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions
U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Fueling Station Locations. Alternative Fuels Data Center. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen_locations.html#/find/nearest?fuel=HY
Ye, L., & Lu, L. (2023, March 24). Environmental and economic evaluation of the high-pressured and cryogenic vessels for hydrogen storage on the sedan. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 18, 144-149. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/doi/10.1093/ijlct/ctac126/7086591
ZIPSE, O. (n.d.). 2024 BMW iX5 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered SUV. BMW USA. Retrieved December 22, 2023, from https://www.bmwusa.com/ix5-hydrogen.html
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Alice Ping
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.