Shining a Light on Melanoma: Illuminating Insights into Skin Cancer

Abstract

Skin cancer, the most prevalent form of cancer globally, includes the aggressive Melanoma. Lentigo Maligna Melanoma (LMM), a slow-growing yet invasive subtype, presents unique challenges. Genetic mutations, particularly BRAF and NRAS, are the primary culprits behind LMM. Risk factors include age, lighter skin tones, and high sun exposure. Treatment options vary, with surgery being the most common for localized LMM. LMM employs various strategies to evade the immune system's detection and destruction. Resistance to apoptosis, reduced expression of MHC molecules, upregulation of checkpoint regulators, and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells all contribute to LLM's ability to flourish. Immunotherapy emerges as a beacon of hope, aiming to reactivate the immune system and unleash its cytotoxic potential against LLM cells. Checkpoint inhibitors like ipilimumab and nivolumab work by blocking the "brakes" on T cells, allowing them to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. Imiquimod, another immunotherapy option, directly activates T cells to fight infected cells. Additionally, targeted therapy focuses on specific mutations driving LLM growth, with BRAF and MEK inhibitors targeting the BRAF V600E mutation. These therapies primarily target lymphocytes, specifically cytotoxic T cells. Ongoing research focuses on optimizing existing therapies and exploring new options like Imiquimod cream. This cream acts as an immunomodulator, stimulating the existing immune system to fight cancer cells. Studies are exploring its potential to eliminate residual cancer cells after surgery and potentially even replace surgery in some cases. Scientists hope to combine this therapy with others to further improve efficiency. LMM presents a unique challenge within the realm of skin cancer. However, immunotherapy offers a promising approach to overcome the immune evasion mechanisms employed by LLM cells. Ongoing research holds the potential to further refine existing therapies and explore new options, ultimately leading to improved response rates and even cures for LMM patients.